canonisation date

14.08.2000

Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Churchmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]

function

deacon

creed

Eastern Orthodox Church ORmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Moscow Oblast OR eparchy, also known as the Krutica Metropolismore on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.07.16]
Chelm OR eparchymore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]
Warsaw‐Vistula OR eparchymore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.07.16]

date and place
of death

03.01.1941

ITL AmurLagGuLAG slave labour camp network
today: Amur oblast, Russia
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]

alt. dates and places
of death

Malaya Nyukzhavillage
today: prob. non‐existent, Amur oblast, Russia

details of death

cause of death

extermination

perpetrators

Russians

sites and events

ITL AmurLagClick to display the description, ITL BamLagClick to display the description, GulagClick to display the description, Great Purge 1937Click to display the description

date and place
of birth

01.1878

Sahryńtoday: Werbkowice gm., Hrubieszów pov., Lublin voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]

positions held

others related
in death

KULHAWIECClick to display biography Simeon, STEPANIUKClick to display biography George, GUDKOClick to display biography Basil (Bp Ambrose), NIKATOWClick to display biography Alex, OSTROUMOWClick to display biography Michael (Bp Seraphim), SAWICKIClick to display biography Yaroslav, SIENKIEWICZClick to display biography Alex, GAGALUKClick to display biography Anthony (Abp Onuphrius), BLUMOWICZClick to display biography John, SZACHMUĆClick to display biography Roman (Fr Seraphim), PANASIEWICZClick to display biography Emilian, MIEDWIEDIUKClick to display biography Vladimir, SMOLENIECClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Arsenius), MARCENKOClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Anthony), BORZAKOWSKIClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Agapit), DIERNOWClick to display biography Anatol (Abp Abramius)

sites and events
descriptions

ITL AmurLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Амурский Железнодорожный (Eng. Railway Amurskiy) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in the town of Svobodny in the Amur Oblast. Founded on 20.05.1938, after closure and division of ITL BamLag concentration camp. Prisoners slaved at the construction of the second railway track of the Karymskoye‐Voroshilov (today Ussuryysk) route, side lines: No. 2 Birobidzhan‐Leninskoye, No. 208 Zavitinsk‐Poyarkovo, No. 206 Baranowskij‐Posjet, second tracks of the lines to Tynda and Zeya, as well as in service plants in Swobodne, at fur production, wood processing, on farms, etc. At its peak c. 125,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 125,313 (01.10.1938); 85,221 (01.01.1940); 118,067 (01.05.1940); 50,040 (01.01.1941). Ceased to exist on 30.01.1941 and the prisoners were transferred to ITL BurLag and ITL SvobodLag. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24])

ITL BamLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Байкало‐Амурский (Eng. Baikal‐Amur) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Svobodny in Amur Oblast. Founded on 10.11.1932 and run the criminal organization OGPU, and then by the genocidal NKVD organization. The center was located in the city of Svobodny (today in the Amur region). In the years 1934‐1938, the director was Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish descent, considered to be the creator of the system of using slave labor within the Gulag, which he created during his earlier work on the White Sea Canal. Prisoners slaved at the expansion and increase of capacity of the Trans‐Siberian railway line (including the construction of the second track of the Trans‐Baikal and Ussuri railway, construction of a 190 km Takhtamygda‐Tynda line, preparatory works of the Baikal‐Amur line), operation of plants and workshops, civil construction, forest clearing, wood processing and in mines, etc. At its peak c. 200,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 35,397 (1933); 62,130 (01.01.1934); 153,547 (01.01.1935); 180,067 (01.01.1936); 127,483 (01.01.1937); 200,907 (01.01.1938). Ceased to exist on 22.05.1938, and on its basis — in accordance with the proposal of the aforementioned N. Frenkel ‐ 6 smaller camps were created, including ITL AmurLag. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.07.16])

Gulag: The acronym Gulag comes from the Rus. Главное управление исправительно‐трудовых лагерей и колоний (Eng. Main Board of Correctional Labor Camps). The network of Russian concentration camps for slave labor was formally established by the decision of the highest Russian authorities on 27.06.1929. Control was taken over by the OGPU, the predecessor of the genocidal NKVD (from 1934) and the MGB (from 1946). Individual gulags (camps) were often established in remote, sparsely populated areas, where industrial or transport facilities important for the Russian state were built. They were modeled on the first „great construction of communism”, the White Sea‐Baltic Canal (1931‐1932), and Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish origin, is considered the creator of the system of using forced slave labor within the Gulag. He went down in history as the author of the principle „We have to squeeze everything out of the prisoner in the first three months — then nothing is there for us”. He was to be the creator, according to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, of the so‐called „Boiler system”, i.e. the dependence of food rations on working out a certain percentage of the norm. The term ZEK — prisoner — i.e. Rus. заключенный‐каналоармец (Eng. canal soldier) — was coined in the ITL BelBaltLag managed by him, and was adopted to mean a prisoner in Russian slave labor camps. Up to 12 mln prisoners were held in Gulag camps at one time, i.e. c. 5% of Russia's population. In his book „The Gulag Archipelago”, Solzhenitsyn estimated that c. 60 mln people were killed in the Gulag until 1956. Formally dissolved on 20.01.1960. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Great Purge 1937: „Great Terror” (also «Great Purge», also called „Yezhovshchyna” after the name of the then head of the NKVD) — a Russian state action of political terror, planned and directed against millions of innocent victims — national minorities, wealthier peasants (kulaks), people considered opponents political, army officers, the greatest intensity of which took place from 09.1936 to 08.1938. It reached its peak starting in the summer of 1937, when Art. 58‐14 of the Penal Code about „counter‐revolutionary sabotage” was passed , which became the basis for the „legalization” of murders, and on 02.07.1937 when the highest authorities of Russia, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, issued a decree on the initiation of action against the kulaks. Next a number of executive orders of the NKVD followed, including No. 00439 of 25.07.1937, starting the liquidation of 25,000‐42,000 Germans living in Russia (mainly the so‐called Volga Germans); No. 00447 of 30.07.1937, beginning the liquidation of „anti‐Russian elements”, and No. 00485[2] of 11.08.1937, ordering the murder of 139,835 people of Polish nationality (the latter was the largest operation of this type — encompassed 12.5% of all those murdered during the «Great Purge», while Poles constituted 0.4% of the population). In the summer of 1937 Polish Catholic priests held in Solovetsky Islands, Anzer Island and ITL BelbaltLag were locked in prison cells (some in Sankt Petersburg). Next in a few kangaroo, murderous Russian trials (on 09.10.1937, 25.11.1937, among others) run by so‐called «NKVD Troika» all were sentenced to death. They were subsequently executed by a single shot to the back of the head. The murders took place either in Sankt Petersburg prison or directly in places of mass murder, e.g. Sandarmokh or Levashov Wilderness, where their bodies were dumped into the ditches. Other priests were arrested in the places they still ministered in and next murdered in local NKVD headquarters (e.g. in Minsk in Belarus), after equally genocidal trials run by aforementioned «NKVD Troika» kangaroo courts.

sources

personal:
azbyka.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.bu.kul.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], azbyka.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24]
bibliographical:
„Hierachy, clergy and employees of the Orthodox Church in the 19th‐21st centuries within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and post–war Poland”, Fr Gregory Sosna, M. Antonine Troc-Sosna, Warsaw–Bielsk Podlaski 2017