canonisation date

22.06.1993

Council of Bishops of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church

function

archbishop

creed

Eastern Orthodox Church ORmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Kursk‐Oboyan OR eparchymore on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]
Staryi Oskol OR eparchy
Kherson and Odessa OR eparchymore on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]

academic distinctions

Sacred Orthodox Theology Candidate

date and place
of death

01.06.1938

Blagoveshchensktoday: Amur oblast, Russia
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.06.29]

details of death

cause of death

mass murder

perpetrators

Russians

sites and events

11.08.1937 Russian genocideClick to display the description, Great Purge 1937Click to display the description, ITL DalLagClick to display the description, GulagClick to display the description, Moscow (Butyrki)Click to display the description, Forced exileClick to display the description, Kharkiv (prison)Click to display the description

date and place
of birth

02.04.1889

Opole Lubelskietoday: Opole Lubelskie gm., Opole Lubelskie pov., Lublin voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]

religious vows

05.10.1913 (permanent)

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

08.12.1913

positions held

others related
in death

KULHAWIECClick to display biography Simeon, STEPANIUKClick to display biography George, GUDKOClick to display biography Basil (Bp Ambrose), NIKATOWClick to display biography Alex, OSTROUMOWClick to display biography Michael (Bp Seraphim), SAWICKIClick to display biography Yaroslav, SIENKIEWICZClick to display biography Alex, STROCIUKClick to display biography Leontius, BLUMOWICZClick to display biography John, SZACHMUĆClick to display biography Roman (Fr Seraphim), PANASIEWICZClick to display biography Emilian, MIEDWIEDIUKClick to display biography Vladimir, SMOLENIECClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Arsenius), MARCENKOClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Anthony), BORZAKOWSKIClick to display biography Alexander (Abp Agapit), DIERNOWClick to display biography Anatol (Abp Abramius)

sites and events
descriptions

11.08.1937 Russian genocide: On 11.08.1937 Russian leader Stalin decided and NKVD head, Nicholas Jeżow, signed a «Polish operation» executive order no 00485. 139,835 Poles living in Russia were thus sentenced summarily to death. According to the records of the „Memorial” International Association for Historical, Educational, Charitable and Defense of Human Rights (Rus. Международное историко‐просветительское, правозащитное и благотворительное общество „Мемориал”), specialising with historical research and promoting knowledge about the victims of Russian repressions — 111,091 were murdered. 28,744 were sentenced to deportation to concentration camps in Gulag. Altogether however more than 100,000 Poles were deported, mainly to Kazakhstan, Siberia, Kharkov and Dniepropetrovsk. According to some historians, the number of victims should be multiplied by at least two, because not only the named persons were murdered, but entire Polish families (the mere suspicion of Polish nationality was sufficient). Taking into account the fact that the given number does not include the genocide in eastern Russia (Siberia), the number of victims may be as high as 500,000 Poles. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.03.14])

Great Purge 1937: „Great Terror” (also «Great Purge», also called „Yezhovshchyna” after the name of the then head of the NKVD) — a Russian state action of political terror, planned and directed against millions of innocent victims — national minorities, wealthier peasants (kulaks), people considered opponents political, army officers, the greatest intensity of which took place from 09.1936 to 08.1938. It reached its peak starting in the summer of 1937, when Art. 58‐14 of the Penal Code about „counter‐revolutionary sabotage” was passed , which became the basis for the „legalization” of murders, and on 02.07.1937 when the highest authorities of Russia, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, issued a decree on the initiation of action against the kulaks. Next a number of executive orders of the NKVD followed, including No. 00439 of 25.07.1937, starting the liquidation of 25,000‐42,000 Germans living in Russia (mainly the so‐called Volga Germans); No. 00447 of 30.07.1937, beginning the liquidation of „anti‐Russian elements”, and No. 00485[2] of 11.08.1937, ordering the murder of 139,835 people of Polish nationality (the latter was the largest operation of this type — encompassed 12.5% of all those murdered during the «Great Purge», while Poles constituted 0.4% of the population). In the summer of 1937 Polish Catholic priests held in Solovetsky Islands, Anzer Island and ITL BelbaltLag were locked in prison cells (some in Sankt Petersburg). Next in a few kangaroo, murderous Russian trials (on 09.10.1937, 25.11.1937, among others) run by so‐called «NKVD Troika» all were sentenced to death. They were subsequently executed by a single shot to the back of the head. The murders took place either in Sankt Petersburg prison or directly in places of mass murder, e.g. Sandarmokh or Levashov Wilderness, where their bodies were dumped into the ditches. Other priests were arrested in the places they still ministered in and next murdered in local NKVD headquarters (e.g. in Minsk in Belarus), after equally genocidal trials run by aforementioned «NKVD Troika» kangaroo courts.

ITL DalLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Дальне‐Восточный (Eng. Far Eastern) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Khabarovsk, capital in the Khabarovsk Krai. Founded in 1929 and subordinated to the genocidal Russian organizations of the GPU and NKVD. Prisoners slaved at the forest clearing and wood processing, mining of minerals — coal and gold, construction of industrial plants (e.g. cement production), construction of roads and railways (Birobidzhan‐Blucherovo/Leniskoye and Volochaevka‐Komsomolsk lines), regulating the course of rivers (e.g. Amur River), retention facilities on the Sedanka River near Vladivostok, work in workshops in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, farming, fishing, etc. At its peak c. 112,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 47,767 (01.01.1934); 59,515 (01.01.1935); 71,763 (01.01.1936); 112,490 (01.01.1937); 100,875 (01.01.1938); 64,600 (01.10.1938); 64,249 (01.01.1939). Ceased to exist on 13.04.1939. (more on: old.memo.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Gulag: The acronym Gulag comes from the Rus. Главное управление исправительно‐трудовых лагерей и колоний (Eng. Main Board of Correctional Labor Camps). The network of Russian concentration camps for slave labor was formally established by the decision of the highest Russian authorities on 27.06.1929. Control was taken over by the OGPU, the predecessor of the genocidal NKVD (from 1934) and the MGB (from 1946). Individual gulags (camps) were often established in remote, sparsely populated areas, where industrial or transport facilities important for the Russian state were built. They were modeled on the first „great construction of communism”, the White Sea‐Baltic Canal (1931‐1932), and Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish origin, is considered the creator of the system of using forced slave labor within the Gulag. He went down in history as the author of the principle „We have to squeeze everything out of the prisoner in the first three months — then nothing is there for us”. He was to be the creator, according to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, of the so‐called „Boiler system”, i.e. the dependence of food rations on working out a certain percentage of the norm. The term ZEK — prisoner — i.e. Rus. заключенный‐каналоармец (Eng. canal soldier) — was coined in the ITL BelBaltLag managed by him, and was adopted to mean a prisoner in Russian slave labor camps. Up to 12 mln prisoners were held in Gulag camps at one time, i.e. c. 5% of Russia's population. In his book „The Gulag Archipelago”, Solzhenitsyn estimated that c. 60 mln people were killed in the Gulag until 1956. Formally dissolved on 20.01.1960. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Moscow (Butyrki): Harsh transit and interrogation prison in Moscow — for political prisoners — where Russians held and murdered thousands of Poles. Founded prob. in XVII century. In XIX century many Polish insurgents (Polish uprisings of 1831 and 1863) were held there. During Communist regime a place of internment for political prisoners prior to a transfer to Russian slave labour complex Gulag. During the Great Purge c. 20,000 inmates were held there at any time (c. 170 in every cell). Thousands were murdered. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.05.01])

Forced exile: One of the standard Russian forms of repression. The prisoners were usually taken to a small village in the middle of nowhere — somewhere in Siberia, in far north or far east — dropped out of the train carriage or a cart, left out without means of subsistence or place to live. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.12.20])

Kharkiv (prison): Russian criminal prison where in the 1930s a number of Catholic priests were held prior to being sent to Russian concentration camps.

sources

personal:
pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], drevo-info.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], kuz1.pstbi.ccas.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24]
bibliographical:
„Hierachy, clergy and employees of the Orthodox Church in the 19th‐21st centuries within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and post–war Poland”, Fr Gregory Sosna, M. Antonine Troc-Sosna, Warsaw–Bielsk Podlaski 2017
original images:
drevo-info.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], commons.wikimedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], polit.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.pravmir.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], commons.wikimedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.facebook.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.12.19], www.kursk-sestry.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.facebook.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.facebook.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.12.19], kuz1.pstbi.ccas.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.facebook.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], azbyka.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.k-istine.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.12.19], kursk-sestry.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], stefanikka.narod.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.09.24], www.facebook.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.12.19]