Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland
XX century (1914 – 1989)
personal data
surname
SWINARSKI-PORAJ
forename(s)
Nicholas (pl. Mikołaj)
function
diocesan priest
creed
Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]
diocese / province
Gniezno and Poznań archdiocese (aeque principaliter)more on
www.archpoznan.pl
[access: 2012.11.23]
RC Military Ordinariate of Polandmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.12.20]
honorary titles
Gold „Cross of Merit”more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2019.04.16]
honorary canonmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14] (Gniezno cathedralmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14])
date and place
of death
09.02.1940
KL Sachsenhausenconcentration camp
today: Sachsenhausen‐Oranienburg, Oberhavel dist., Brandenburg state, Germany
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2018.11.18]
details of death
After the abdication on 09.11.1918 of the German Emperor William II Hohenzollern; after the signing on 11.11.1918 by the Allies and the Germans, in the staff wagon in Compiègne, at the headquarters of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, of the armistice and ceasefire — which de facto meant the end of World War I; and also after the handover on 11.11.1918 by the Regency Council – operating in the so‐called Germ. Königreich Polen (Eng. Polish Kingdom) occupied by the Central Powers (Germany and Austria–Hungary) — of supreme command over the army to Brigadier Joseph Piłsudski and his appointment as Commander‐in‐Chief of the Polish Army, which de facto meant the rebirth of the Polish state, encompassing however only the Germ. Königreich Polen, i.e. the Polish territory under Russian rule until 1915, but excluding the lands of the Prussian partition; Greater Poland — as the Prussian Germ. Provinz Posen (Eng. Poznań Province) — was still formally part of the German state.
His parish Czarnków, the capital of the Germ. Kreis Czarnikau (Eng. Czarnków county), was located in the north of the Germ. Provinz Posen. Both Czarnków and the Germ. Kreis Czarnikau were inhabited by a mixed Polish and German population, with Germans constituting the majority of the county to the north of the Noteć River, which divided it, and Poles in its southern part — Czarnków itself is located on the southern bank of the Noteć. Although several centres were established at that time that described themselves as representative of the local community, initially attempts were made to reach an agreement. And so the Workers' and Soldiers' Council RRŻ, founded on c. 13‐14.11.1918, inspired by and subordinated to a similar council established in Berlin — with the consent of the still partially clandestine Polish Citizens' Committee KO, subordinate to the Central Citizens' Committee CKO from Poznań — consisted of 12 people, 6 Poles and 6 Germans. Both the German mayor of Czarnków and the Germ. landrat (Eng. county administrator) agreed to be subordinate to it. Managed then to push through a resolution on equal rights in public life for the Polish and German languages, and later, on 28.11.1918, to introduce Polish catechesis and reading and writing lessons in Polish in all schools in the Germ. Kreis Czarnikau. On 16.11.1918, became also vice‐chairman of the Executive Department of the County People's Council PRL, founded after the KO started to act in the open, at the appeal of the Supreme People's Council NRL from Poznań, founded after the CKO came out, to represent Polish interests. In response, the Germans established the Germ. Volksrat (Eng. People's Council) and on 23.11.1918, a joint meeting of both people's councils was held, at which a joint — with a majority of Poles — Citizens' Guard was established to maintain order in the city (later transformed into the People's Guard).
The tension between the two sides was growing, however. On 25.11.1918, at the initiative of the Germ. landrat, the German 6th Company of the 148th (or 149th) Infantry Regiment from Piła entered Czarnków and occupied the post office, railway station and district office. This significantly worsened the situation in the city, especially since on 06.12.1918 the commander of the 6th Company demanded the dissolution of the RRŻ, recognising Czarnków as a garrison town in which only representatives of the military should exercise power. The RRŻ protested. The Polish side was divided — some believed that it was necessary to wait for further developments, the others — that it was necessary to start preparing for an uprising. Belonged to the latter group. There are reports that started to gather medical supplies. A „large arsenal purchased with the money of Fr Swinarski” was supposed to be gathered in his rectory.
On 27.12.1918, the Greater Poland Uprising broke out in Poznań. On 03.01.1919, a secret meeting of the PRL, of which was the vice‐chairman, was held. The nomination of the commander of the armed forces of the western–northern district of the Noteć insurgent units was accepted. The next day, a meeting of the RRŻ was held, at which its chairman, and at the same time a member of the PRL, Stanislav Grupiński, read an alleged telegram from Poznań, which informed about the approach of a 30,000‐strong insurgent army to Czarnków. Nothing of the sort happened, but the RRŻ immediately passed a resolution of no objection to the possible occupation of the city. The German 6th Company, after obtaining a guarantee of safety for the soldiers, surrendered its weapons, left its equipment and left Czarnków. The next day, 05.01.1920, a small insurgent unit and local Polish groups occupied the railway station, the post office and offices, disarmed the Germans policemen and forced the mayor and the Germ. landrat to resign. The Germans, outraged by the ruse, reacted after a few days, on 08.01.1920, when most of the Polish insurgent units had already left Czarnków and headed for the endangered Chodzież, and fighting broke out in the town. At that time, led prayers for freedom in the collegiate church. The town remained in Polish hands.
The Noteć became the de facto border river, separating both sides. And although fighting took place in the area on 02‐13.02.1919, Czarnków remained Polish. This was the situation on 16.02.1919, when an armistice was signed in Trier, enforced by the victorious Entente states, under which the Polish insurgent Greater Poland Army was recognized as an allied army and a border was set, the crossing of which „German troops were forbidden” to cross, leaving a large part of Greater Poland outside their influence. However, it was not until the Treaty of Versailles, concluded on 28.06.1919, that Greater Poland, including Czarnków, was formally awarded to Poland. Officially became part of Poland on 10.01.1920, after the ratification of the treaty by all contracting parties.
The insurgent companies from Czarnków, of which was the chaplain and from which took the oath of allegiance, fought not only in the Greater Poland Uprising, but also — as part of the 9th Greater Poland Rifle Regiment — in the last phases of the Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918‐1919 and the Polish–Russian War of 1919‐1921.
After German invasion of Poland in 09.1939 (Russians invaded Poland 17 days later) and start of the World War II, after start of German occupation, arrested by the Germans on 03.09.1939.
Interned in IL Linde transit camp in Lipka.
In revenge for participation in the Greater Poland Uprising, beaten on every occasion.
Did not break down — on the contrary, comforted other prisoners and stood up for them.
Therefore, his cassock was removed, the harness was taken away and was ordered to stand with his arms up and look straight at the sun.
Beaten when tried to adjust his sagging pants.
One of the soldiers broke his collarbone with a butt.
Nearby, German women were standing and shouting, demanding that the priest be castrated.
From Lipka, at the end of 09.1939, moved to ZL Albatros transit camp in Piła.
Finally, totally exhausted, transported to KL Sachsenhausen concentration camp where perished.
prisoner camp's numbers
3726Click to display source page (KL SachsenhausenClick to display the description)
cause of death
extermination: exhaustion and starvation
perpetrators
Germans
sites and events
KL SachsenhausenClick to display the description, ZL AlbatrosClick to display the description, IL LindeClick to display the description, «Intelligenzaktion»Click to display the description, Reichsgau Danzig‐WestpreußenClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description, Greater Poland UprisingClick to display the description
date and place
of birth
29.07.1874
Dębetoday: Lubasz gm., Czarnków/Trzcianka pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
presbyter (holy orders)
ordination
13.12.1903 (Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18])
positions held
1911 – 1939
parish priest — Czarnkówtoday: Czarnków gm., Czarnków/Trzcianka pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.20] ⋄ St Mary Magdalene RC parish ⋄ Czarnkówtoday: Czarnków gm., Czarnków/Trzcianka pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.20] RC deanery — also: c. 1922‐1939 deanery notary; c. 1927‐1939 correspondent of the mixed commission for the protection of monuments of art and culture for the Poznań Voivodeship; c. 1929‐1936 county archbishop's delegate at matura exams in teacher seminars
1930 – 1941
chaplain — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18] ⋄ RC chapel („Łubieńskis'”) ⋄ Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary RC archcathedral church
1909 – 1911
vicar — Poznańtoday: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18] ⋄ St Martin, the Bishop and Confessor RC parish ⋄ Poznańtoday: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18] RC deanery
1904 – 1909
vicar — PoznańJeżyce neighborhood
today: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18] ⋄ Sacred Heart of Jesus and St Florian RC parish ⋄ Poznańtoday: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18] RC deanery
till 1903
student — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18] ⋄ philosophy and theology, Archbishop's Practical Theological Seminary (Lat. Seminarium Clericorum Practicum)
student — Poznańtoday: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18] ⋄ philosophy and theology, Archbishop's Theological Seminary (Collegium Leoninum)
others related
in death
ADAMCZYKClick to display biography Stanislav, BRZĄKAŁAClick to display biography Victor, BURCZYKClick to display biography Felix, BYTOFClick to display biography Peter, CHARSZEWSKIClick to display biography Ignatius, CHYLARECKIClick to display biography Stanislav, CIEMNIAKClick to display biography Louis, CYBULSKIClick to display biography Stanislav, CZAKIClick to display biography Saturnin, CZAPIEWSKIClick to display biography Joseph Leonard, DEMSKIClick to display biography Vladislav, DOERINGClick to display biography Alexander, FIGATClick to display biography Henry, GOŃCZClick to display biography Bernard, GORALClick to display biography Vladislav, GRZEBIELEWSKIClick to display biography Joseph, GUZClick to display biography Joseph Adalbert (Fr Innocent), HEVELKEClick to display biography John, HINZClick to display biography Francis Felix, HINZClick to display biography Thaddeus, JARZĘBSKIClick to display biography Stanislav, JORDANClick to display biography Boleslav, KALINOWSKIClick to display biography Theodore, KARAMUCKIClick to display biography Edmund Vladislav, KARCZYŃSKIClick to display biography Cyril Methodius, KAŹMIERCZAKClick to display biography Bronislav Anthony, KLEINClick to display biography John, KOMPFClick to display biography January, KONKOLEWSKIClick to display biography Joachim, KOWNACKIClick to display biography Bronislav, KOZUBEKClick to display biography Roman, KRAUZEClick to display biography Edmund, KRUPIŃSKIClick to display biography Louis, KUBIAKClick to display biography John (Bro. Norbert Mary), KUBICKIClick to display biography Steven, KUBISTAClick to display biography Stanislav, KUPILASClick to display biography Francis, LAPISClick to display biography Casimir, LENARTClick to display biography John, LICZNERSKIClick to display biography Constantine, ŁOSIŃSKIClick to display biography Bernard Anthony, MACIĄTEKClick to display biography Stanislav Peter, MARCHLEWSKIClick to display biography Leonard, MATUSZEWSKIClick to display biography Francis, MĄKOWSKIClick to display biography John, MĘŻNICKIClick to display biography Joseph, MICHNOWSKIClick to display biography Marian John, MITRĘGAClick to display biography Francis, MORKOWSKIClick to display biography Edmund, MOŚCICKIClick to display biography Joseph, NAGÓRSKIClick to display biography Paul Adalbert, NITSCHMANNClick to display biography Adam Robert, NOWAŃSKIClick to display biography Anthony, NOWICKIClick to display biography Alexander, OCHOŃSKIClick to display biography Charles (Fr Chris), OKOŁO–KUŁAKClick to display biography Anthony, PALUCHOWSKIClick to display biography Boleslav, PETRYKOWSKIClick to display biography Steven, PIASZCZYŃSKIClick to display biography Michael, PODLASZEWSKIClick to display biography Francis, POMIANOWSKIClick to display biography Vladislav, RADTKEClick to display biography Steven Boleslav, SĄSAŁAClick to display biography Theodore, SKOBLEWSKIClick to display biography Mieczyslav, SKOWRONClick to display biography Casimir, SOCHACZEWSKIClick to display biography Bronislav Peter, SYNOWIECClick to display biography Boleslav, SZUKALSKIClick to display biography John, SZYMAŃSKIClick to display biography Bruno Peter John, ŚLEDZIŃSKIClick to display biography Joseph, TUSZYŃSKIClick to display biography Joseph, TYMIŃSKIClick to display biography Anthony, WAWRZYNOWICZClick to display biography John, WĄSOWICZClick to display biography Sigismund, WIERZBICKIClick to display biography Sigismund Lawrence, WIERZCHOWSKIClick to display biography Fabian Sebastian, WILLIMSKYClick to display biography Albert, WŁODARCZYKClick to display biography Ignatius, WOHLFEILClick to display biography Robert, WRÓBLEWSKIClick to display biography Bronislav, ZAWISZAClick to display biography Valentine, ZIELIŃSKIClick to display biography Paul Nicholas, ZIEMSKIClick to display biography Alexander Felix, ZIENKOWSKIClick to display biography Vaclav, ŻUCHOWSKIClick to display biography Vaclav
sites and events
descriptions
KL Sachsenhausen: In Germ. Konzentrationslager (Eng. concentration camp) KL Sachsenhausen, set up in the former Olympic village in 07.1936, hundreds of Polish priests were held in 1940, before being transported to KL Dachau. Some of them perished in KL Sachsenhausen. Murderous medical experiments on prisoners were carried out in the camp. In 1942‐1944 c. 140 prisoners slaved at manufacturing false British pounds, passports, visas, stamps and other documents. Other prisoners also had to do slave work, for Heinkel aircraft manufacturer, AEG and Siemens among others. On average c. 50,000 prisoners were held at any time. Altogether more than 200,000 inmates were in jailed in KL Sachsenhausen and its branched, out of which tens of thousands perished. Prior to Russian arrival mass evacuation was ordered by the Germans and c. 80,000 prisoners were marched west in so‐called „death marches” to other camps, i.e. KL Mauthausen‐Gusen and KL Bergen‐Belsen. The camp got liberated on 22.04.1945. After end of armed hostilities Germans set up there secret camp for German prisoners and „suspicious” Russian soldiers. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2018.11.18])
ZL Albatros: German transit Germ. Zivilgefangenenlager (Eng. camp for civilians) in Piła, operational in 09‐12.1939, mainly for Polish teachers and religious, who were treated especially rough, before transporting them to KL Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and for Jews. Prisoners were forced to slave in German manufacturing plants and local farms. Altogether more than 500 Poles were held captive there. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.11.17])
IL Linde: Germ. „Internierungslager” (Eng. „Internment camp”) — a temporary concentration camp, also described as Germ. „Internierterlager” — established on 01.09.1939, on the day of the German attack on Poland, in Lipka Krajeńska by the German armed forces Wehrmacht. Representatives of all Polish social groups were held there: landowners, teachers, entrepreneurs, priests, railroad workers, farmers, officials. Also military. Also a group of Polish Jews. They all came from the Złotów region (Sępólno Krajeńskie, Tuchola, Wyrzysk, Chojnice, Nakła, Chodzież, Czarnków). At its peak, c. 500 people (mainly men) were held there. Prisoners were beaten (including by thong whips), murders were committed. The degenerate German garrison harassed Catholic clergy. The camp was liquidated prob. in 11/12.1939. (more on: www.77400.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.02])
«Intelligenzaktion»: (Eng. „Action Intelligentsia”) — extermination program of Polish elites, mainly intelligentsia, executed by the Germans right from the start of the occupation in 09.1939 till around 05.1940, mainly on the lands directly incorporated into Germany but also in the so‐called Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate) where it was called «AB‐aktion». During the first phase right after start of German occupation of Poland implemented as Germ. Unternehmen „Tannenberg” (Eng. „Tannenberg operation”) — plan based on proscription lists of Poles worked out by (Germ. Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen), regarded by Germans as specially dangerous to the German Reich. List contained names of c. 61,000 Poles. Altogether during this genocide Germans methodically murdered c. 50,000 teachers, priests, landowners, social and political activists and retired military. Further 50,000 were sent to concentration camps where most of them perished. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.04])
Reichsgau Danzig‐Westpreußen: After the Polish defeat in the 09.1939 campaign, which was the result of the Ribbentrop‐Molotov Pact and constituted the first stage of World War II, and the beginning of German occupation in part of Poland (in the other, eastern part of Poland, the Russian occupation began), the Germans divided the occupied Polish territory into five main regions (and a few smaller). The largest one was transformed into Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), intended exclusively for Poles and Jews and constituting part of the so‐called Germ. Großdeutschland (Eng. Greater Germany). Two were added to existing German provinces. From two other separate new provinces were created. Vistula Pomerania region was one of them, incorporated into Germany on 08.10.1939, by decree of the German leader Adolf Hitler (formally came into force on 26.10.1939), and on 02.11.1939 transformed into the Germ. Reichsgau Danzig‐Westpreußen (Eng. Reich District of Gdańsk‐West Prussia) province, in which the law of the German state was to apply. The main axis of the policy of the new province, the territory of which the Germans recognized as the Germ. „Ursprünglich Deutsche” (Eng. „natively German”), despite the fact that 85% of its inhabitants were Poles, was Germ. „Entpolonisierung” (Eng. „Depolonisation”), i.e. forced Germanization. C. 60,000 Poles were murdered in 1939‐1940, as part of the Germ. „Intelligenzaktion”, i.e. extermination of Polish intelligentsia and ruling classes, in c. 432 places of mass executions — including c. 220 Polish Catholic priests. The same number were sent to German concentration camps, from where few returned (over 300 priests were arrested, of whom c. 130 died in concentration camps). C. 124,000‐170,000 were displaced, including c. 90,000 to the Germ. Generalgouvernement. Poles were forced en masse to sign the German nationality list, the Germ. Deutsche Volksliste DVL. Polish children could only learn in German. It was forbidden to use the Polish language during Catholic Holy Masses and during confession. Polish landed estates were confiscated..To further reduce the number of the Polish population, Poles were sent to forced labor deep inside Germany. The remaining Poles were treated as low‐skilled labor, isolated from the Germans and strictly controlled — legally, three or three of them could only meet together, even in their own apartments. Many were conscripted into the German Wehrmacht army. After the end of hostilities of World War II, the overseer of this province, the Germ. Reichsstatthalter (Eng. Reich Governor) and the Germ. Gauleiter (Eng. district head) of the German National Socialist Party, Albert Maria Forster, was executed. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.06.24])
Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])
Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])
Greater Poland Uprising: Military insurrection of Poles of former German Germ. Posen Provinz (Eng. Poznań province) launched against German Reich in 1918‐1919 — after the abdication on 09.11.1918 of the German Emperor William II Hohenzollern; after the armistice between the Allies and Germany signed on 11.1.1918 in the HQ wagon in Compiègne, the headquarters of Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch — which de facto meant the end of World War I — against the German Weimar Republic, established on the ruins of the German Empire, aiming to incorporate lands captured by Prussia during partitions of Poland in XVIII century into Poland. The Republic of Poland, reborn on 11.11.1918, initially formally included only the so‐called Germ. Königreich Polen (Eng. Kingdom of Poland), i.e. the territory that had been under Russian rule until 1915 and then under the control of Central States (Germany and Austria–Hungary), but did not include the Prussian partition. Started on 27.12.1918 in Poznań and ended on 16.02.1919 with the armistice pact in Trier, forced by the victorious Entente states, which included provisions ordering Germany to cease operations against Poland and, importantly, recognizing the Polish insurgent Greater Poland Army as an allied armed force of the Entente. De facto it turned out to be a Polish victory, confirmed in the main peace treaty after World War I, the Treaty of Versailles of 28.06.1919, which came into force on 10.01.1920 and in which most of the lands of the Prussian partition were recognized as Polish. Many Polish priests took part in the Uprising, both as chaplains of the insurgents units and members and leaders of the Polish agencies and councils set up in the areas covered by the Uprising. In 1939 after German invasion of Poland and start of the World War II those priests were particularly persecuted by the Germans and majority of them were murdered. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.08.14])
sources
personal:
www.wtg-gniazdo.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], polacywberlinie.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.05.19], ecclesiazdziejowwielkopolski.amu.edu.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.12.04]
original images:
www.wtg-gniazdo.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], www.czarnkow.infoClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.12.13], mck.czarnkow.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.12.13], www.bikop.euClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.08.14], www.wtg-gniazdo.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], www.wtg-gniazdo.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], www.wtg-gniazdo.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], mpn.poznan.uw.gov.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.03.14]
LETTER to CUSTODIAN/ADMINISTRATOR
If you have an Email client on your communicator/computer — such as Mozilla Thunderbird, Windows Mail or Microsoft Outlook, described at WikipediaPatrz:
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MARTYROLOGY: SWINARSKI-PORAJ Nicholas
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