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Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland

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    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
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    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
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    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland

XX century (1914 – 1989)

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surname

SKRYPNIK

forename(s)

Polyeuctus (pl. Polieukt)

function

presbiter (i.e. iereus)

creed

Eastern Orthodox Church ORmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

liberated lands of Ukraine” OR eparchy (Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church UAOC 1941‐1944)
Volyn‐Lutsk OR eparchy (Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate)more on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.07.16]

Volyn OR eparchy (Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church PAOC)more on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.19]

nationality

Ukrainian

date and place
of death

1945

DEATH symbol

alt. dates and places
of death

1946, 1947

Lutsktoday: Lutsk city rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.17]

details of death

As early as 1922, was studying at an Orthodox school in Poland, at the pro‐gymnasium in Derman. It is not known when and how entered Poland — whether during the Polish–Russian War of 1919‐1921, e.g. with Polish troops retreating under Russian pressure; or after its end, perhaps illegally. His homeland became — after the Peace of Riga of 18.03.1921 — part of Bolshevik Russia.

In 1938, he began serving in the village of Sedlyshche in Kovel county of Polish Volyn Voivodeship. The village was inhabited by an estimated 1,500 people, c. 98% Orthodox Ukrainians, and prob. c. 30 Jews. Generally, this reflected the ethnic structure of the entire Kovel county, i.e. a significant majority of Orthodox Ukrainians, although the district also included c. 12% of Roman Catholic Poles, whose number was systematically growing due to the policy of the Polish state, which settled in Volyn — on lands derived from the division of large magnate estates — veterans of the aforementioned Polish–Russian War and smallholders from western Poland. In particular, in his parish — and in the Sedlyshche commune — there were two villages inhabited by Polish colonists: in the village of Cheremshanka, c. 3 km away, where an estimated 800 people lived, of which Roman Catholic Poles constituted c. 25%; and in the village of Piaseczno (today: Poliske), c. 7 km away, inhabited by c. 1,300 people, including c. 8% Poles.

After the German and Russian invasion of Poland in 09.1939 and the start of World War II, Volyn found itself — pursuant to the genocidal Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23.08.1939 — under Russian occupation. The Russians subjected Poles in particular to repression, sending many in four large deportations deep into Russia, „to Siberia”. They also applied repressions against the clergy, including the Orthodox, particularly of an economic nature, imposing astronomical taxes and removing religion from schools. And it was then — prob. in 1940, but perhaps already in 1939 — that was arrested by the Russians, for unknown reasons. Ukrainian sources state that due to „anti‐Russian nationalistic activities”, although was not previously known for his sympathy for the Ukrainian nationalist movement.

It is unknown where was held — prisons in Lutsk and Kovel, c. 25 km south, are mentioned.

Released after the German attack on 22.06.1941, on their erstwhile ally, the Russians, and the beginning of the German occupation. If was held by the Russians in the prison in Lutsk, must have survived the genocidal massacre of prisoners in that city, during which the Russians — with significant assistance from Jews collaborating with them — murdered c. 2,000 people. There was no such massacre in Kovel.

Returned to his parish of Sedlyshche, which became part of the Germ. Bezirk Kowel (Eng. Kovel County) in the Germ. Generalbezirk Wolhynien–Podolien (Eng. Volyn‐Podolya General District) of the occupying Germ. Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Eng. Reich Commissariat of Ukraine).

A division occurred in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church at that time. On 28.08.1941, in Pochayiv Lavra, the synod of Ukrainian Orthodox bishops proclaimed the establishment of the Autonomous Ukrainian Orthodox Church AUOC. The AUOC was to strive for autocephaly, i.e. independence, but recognizing the supremacy of the Moscow Patriarchate. In response, another group of Orthodox bishops announced on 08‐10.02.1942, the establishment of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church UAOC, under the auspices of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church PAOC, which in turn, as early as 1940, had made an act of loyalty to the German genocide killer Hans Frank, Germ. Generalgouverneur (Eng. Governor General) of the German‐occupied and run quasi‐state called the Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), i.e. GG. In the Germ. Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the bishops of the UAOC recognized themselves as successors to the PAOC, whose autocephaly had been granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Sided with the UAOC, which meant supporting the increasingly radical Ukrainian nationalist movement, particularly the genocidal OUN.

In 1942, participated in at least two Orthodox synods in Kovel, serving as their secretary. Criticized supporters of the AUOC, calling them „NKVD‐men in black cassocks”.

When, at the end of 1942, spoke at a symbolic funeral of the victims of Bolshevism organized — prob. with the consent of the German occupier — in Kovel, c. 40% of the city's inhabitants who had resided there in 1939 were already dead. In 1942, while clergy synods were being held in Kovel to debate the future of Orthodoxy in Volyn, the Germans were implementing the genocidal plan Germ. «Endlösung der Judenfrage» (Eng. Final Solution of the Jewish Question). Just a few weeks after the beginning of the German occupation, in the summer of 1941, the Germans — with the participation of the collaborative, Ukrainian Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (Eng. Ukrainian Auxiliary Police), in some regions also referred to as the Germ. Schutzmannschaft (Eng. Protection Battalions), i.e. Schuma — murdered c. 1,000 Jews in Kovel, out of c.15,000 residing in Kovel at that time, i.e. c. 13,000 permanent residents of the city and c. 2,000 refugees who found themselves there. The Ukrainians, i.a. displayed the head of a murdered rabbi of the Hasidic Trisker sect in the window of the headquarters of the Ukrainian cooperative in Kovel.

In May 1942, the Germans established two ghettos in Kovel, both surrounded by a 2‐meter wooden fence topped with barbed wire. The gates and fence were guarded by the Germ. Ukrainian Police. On 03‐05.06.1942, in the first Germ. Aktion (Eng. action), the Germans and the Germ. Ukrainian Police deported c. 9,000 Jews of the first ghetto from the city by train — men, women, children — and murdered them all in sand pits in the village of Bakhiv, c. 6 km north of Kovel. 300 were shot during transport. On 19.08.1942, they murdered c. 6,500 Jews of the second ghetto and c. 150 Roma at the Jewish cemetery. For the following month and a half, the Germans and Ukrainians tracked down and hunted down those in hiding. By 06.10.1942, they murdered c. 2,000 more people, burying them in the Roman Catholic cemetery. In total, the Germans and Ukrainians murdered c. 18,000 Jews in Kovel and the surrounding area, including c. 3,000 Jews from the entire German Bezirk Kovel, among toher from his parish Sedlyshche, after which they were able to report that the area, in German terminology, had become Germ. Judenfrei (Eng. free of Jews).

Immediately afterwards, in 02.1943 Roman Shukhevych, nom de guerre „Taras Chuprynka”, the chief commander of the Ukrainian, genocidal OUN/UPA organisation, who in 1941 was a member of the Ukrainian Germ. Sondergruppe Nachtigall (Eng. Special Group Nightingale) — a unit of the Germ. Wehrmacht (Eng. Armed Forces) that took part in the German attack on Russians in 1941, accused of participating in the Jewish pogrom in Lviv in 1941 — and later a member of the Germ. Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 201 (Eng. 201st Protection team Battalion) — responsible for the murder of Jews and civilians in the territory of Belarus — issued an order: „The extermination operation should be carried out according to the following principles: Polish villages are to be burned, and their populations massacred. Attacks on towns will take place in broad daylight, not at night. In mixed villages, the Polish population alone should be liquidated, and farmsteads should be burned only if they are 15 meters away and when there is no risk of the fire spreading to neighboring Ukrainian buildings. The Ukrainian population will receive instructions as to where to gather during the attack […] For every Ukrainian murdered, whether by Poles or Germans, 100 (one hundred) Poles will be executed”.

It was the de facto signal for the commencement of the «Genocidium Atrox» — i.e. the genocide perpetrated by Ukrainians, known as „Volyn genocide”.

Immediately thereafter, in 03.1943, the UPA issued an appeal to members of the Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei to desert and join the UPA ranks. Perhaps as many as 10,000 unemployed — after Germ. «Endlösung der Judenfrage» — Ukrainians did so.

The tactics of the genocidal Ukrainians were detailed in an order issued by the UPA commander in Volyn — from 11.1943 commander of the Operational Group „UPA‐North” — Dmytro Klachkivsky, nom de guerre „Klym Savur”, in 06.1943. Anticipating Germany's defeat in the war with Russia, explained and ordered: „We should carry out a major operation to eliminate the Polish element. When the German troops withdraw, we should use this opportune moment to eliminate the entire male population aged 16 to 60 […] We cannot lose this fight, and we must weaken Polish forces at all costs. Forest villages and villages located near forest massifs should disappear from the face of the earth”.

Volyn was drenched in Polish blood. Tens of thousands of Poles were murdered by the Ukrainians — with German passivity — in an extremely barbaric manner. Hundreds of villages were burned.

And this precisely happened — prob. in 09.1943 — in the villages of Cheremshanka and Piaseczno, neighboring his parish Sedlyshche, mentioned above. In the former, according to sources, „the inhabitants of this village of Ukrainian nationality, including women, children and the elderly, armed with axes, pitchforks, knives, etc., murdered […] a total of 163 Poles […] Earlier, when the Poles were preparing to leave — frightened by the murders in the area — a delegation of Ukrainians arrived with assurances that they were in no danger and could stay. The property of the murdered was looted”. In the latter, „the UPA and Ukrainian peasants hacked to death with axes, stabbed with knives and other tools at least 94 Poles”. Henry Frantczak, stabbed 38 times, recalled: „It was Sunday […] I was 13 years old then. Suddenly, armed men surrounded us. Ukrainians wearing masks […] In the house, they started beating my dad and stabbing him in the head with gun barrels. At this sight, I hid behind the door. Soon one of the bandits found me behind the door, grabbed me by the throat, and took me outside. Then he pressed me against the wall of the house and started stabbing me in the chest. I felt pain, as if a strong fly bite. Then I lost consciousness […] As if in a dream, I saw them murdering my mother, Stanislava. I heard my father's moans. When I became more conscious […] I saw my mother with a diagonally chopped head. My three‐year‐old brother, Kazio, lay still, moaning. He had a stake driven into his stomach and was dying, pinned to the ground […] I lay there until morning […] My intestines were coming out of my ripped‐open stomach, so I took a towel and tied it around my waist”.

It is unclear whether he was still in Sedlyshche at the time. Ukrainian sources state that around mid–1943, „fleeing the occupier's persecution”, left the parish with his family. In any case, in 10.1943 1943, found refuge in an Orthodox monastery in Meltsi, c. 20 km to the east.

It is also unclear when made contact with the genocidal OUN/UPA. Some Ukrainian sources state that as early as 1943 he was „walking through the forest with a gun in his hand”. After arriving in Meltsi, was said to have „called on the faithful to join the UPA and support the OUN/UPA in the fight against the Germans, and then against the Russians”. Was already an active member of the genocidal OUN/UPA, nom de guerre „Gavrylenko” — later adopted the Ukrainian nom de guerre Ukr. „Сковорода” (Eng. „Frying Pan”).

In 11.1943, was said to have participated in meetings of local leaders of the genocidal OUN/UPA, where was tasked with „organizing the Orthodox clergy” in the fight for Ukraine. Even met with the genocidal Dmytro Klachkivsky, nom de guerre „Klym Savur” Adopted another nom de guerre „Nestor Bondarenko”.

His subsequent fate is unclear. Ukrainian sources are based mainly on fragmentary files from his interrogations by the Russian NKVD, on files of other Orthodox priests arrested and tried by the Russians, in which he is mentioned.

So, on 11‐12.02.1944, with the Russian‐German front approaching — i.a. as early as 02.02.1944, the Russians, during an offensive known as the Dnieper–Carpathian Operation, captured Lutsk — Russian partisans, i.e. Russian parachutists and saboteurs operating behind the front line, entered the village of Meltsi and the Orthodox monastery. They de facto arrested the Orthodox priests residing there, including him.

In 04.1944, when the Russians approached Kovel and began besieging the city, the partisans prob. handed him over to the genocidal Russian NKVD.

Interrogated repeatedly, in Lutsk, and perhaps even in Kiev. According to Ukrainian sources, broke down and began collaborating with the NKVD.

Therefore, the Russians did not initiate a formal investigation against him, and was released in mid‐1944, tasked with providing information about the OUN/UPA and his Orthodox Church.

However, it appears that at the end of 1944, broke off cooperation with the NKVD and went underground, joining the genocidal partisans of the OUN/UPA. Some sources claim was in hiding with his two sisters.

Perished under unknown circumstances between 1945 and 1947. Prob. was murdered by the genocidal OUN/UPA, which found out about his contacts with the Russian NKVD.

On 12.10.2007, the génocidaire Roman Shukhevych was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine. In 12.2020, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, in a resolution, recognized génocidaire Dmitry Klachkivsky as „the leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Volyn and a participant in the struggle for Ukraine's independence in the 20th century”. In several locations, monuments and commemorative plaques have been erected to these Lat. „hostis humani generis”, the schools were named after them.

Lat. „O Tempora! O mores!

alt. details of death

According to other sources, arrested by the Russians in c. 1946. Accused of „providing spiritual care for UPA soldiers during the German occupation”. Shot.

cause of death

murder

perpetrators

Russians / Ukrainians

sites and events

«Genocidium Atrox»Click to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description

date and place
of birth

14.12.1909

BIRTH symbol

Nemyryntsitoday: Myrolyubne hrom., Proskuriv/Khmelnytskyi rai., Proskuriv/Khmelnytskyi obl., Ukraine
more on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2026.07.13]

parents

SKRYPNIK Ivan
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?

MAN and WOMAN symbol

TOCKA Mary
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

25.03.1934

ORDINATION symbol

positions held

from c. 10.1943

resident — Meltsitoday: Serekhovychi hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.07.16]
⋄ St Nicholas OR monastery

01.09.1938 – 1943

parish priest — Sedlyshchetoday: Stara Vyzhivka hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]
⋄ St George OR parish — prob from c. 02.1942 also dean, nominated by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church UAOC

from 15.05.1938

administrator — Sedlyshchetoday: Stara Vyzhivka hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]
⋄ St George OR parish — acting („ad interim”)

from 01.09.1936

parish priest — Dubechnetoday: Dubechne hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.07.05]
⋄ Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary OR parish ⋄ Kovel 2nd distr.Orthodox deanery name
today: Kovel urban hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine

more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.19]
OR deanery — nominated on 22.07.1936; also: at the end of 1936 awarded with a nabedrennik, a right to wear rectangular scarf symbolizing a spiritual sword; before Easter 1938 awarded with a skufia, the right to wear a soft foldable cap

25.03.1934 – 31.08.1936

parish priest — Bytentoday: Holoby hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]
⋄ St Demetrius the Martyr OR parish ⋄ Kovel 3rd distr.Orthodox deanery name
today: Kovel urban hrom., Kovel rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine

more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.19]
OR deanery — appointment: on 26.02.1934

25.03.1934

presbiter (Eng. priest, i.e. iereus) — Kremenetstoday: Kremenets urban hrom., Kremenets rai., Ternopil obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.10.18]
⋄ Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church PACP — priesthood cheirotonia, i.e. ordination, on 24.03.1934 preceded by deacon cheirotonia

10.12.1932 – 03.1934

psalmist — Peremyltoday: Berestechko urban hrom., Lutsk rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]
⋄ Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary OR parish ⋄ Horokhivtoday: Horokhiv hrom., Lutsk rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.27]
OR deanery

c. 1933 – 1936

student — Warsawtoday: Warsaw city pov., Masovia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09]
⋄ Orthodox Theology Department, University of Warsaw [i.e. University of Warsaw (from 1945) / clandestine University (1939‐1945) / Joseph Piłsudski University (1935‐1939) / University of Warsaw (1915‐1935) / Imperial University of Warsaw (1870‐1915)] — studies crowned with a diploma of higher theological school

till 10.12.1932

psalmist — Velyki Viknynytoday: Vyshnivets hrom., Kremenets rai., Ternopil obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]
⋄ St George the Conqueror OR parish ⋄ Kremenets 7th distr.Orthodox deanery name
today: Kremenets rai., Ternopil obl., Ukraine

more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.10.18]
OR deanery

09.1925 – 1932

student — Kremenetstoday: Kremenets urban hrom., Kremenets rai., Ternopil obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.10.18]
⋄ philosophy and theology, Orthodox Theological Seminary

1922 – 1925

pupil — Dermantoday: Derman Persha and Derman Druha, Mizoch hrom., Rivne rai., Rivne obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.08.05]
⋄ Orthodox lower gymnasium

pupil — Nemyryntsitoday: Myrolyubne hrom., Proskuriv/Khmelnytskyi rai., Proskuriv/Khmelnytskyi obl., Ukraine
more on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2026.07.13]
— home education at the primary level

married — prob. one daughter

sites and events
descriptions

«Genocidium Atrox»: In 1939‐1947, especially in 1943‐1944, independent Ukrainian units, mainly belonging to genocidal Ukrainian organizations OUN (political arm) and UPA (military arm), supported by local Ukrainian population, murdered — often in extremely brutal way — in Volyn and surrounding regions of pre‐war Poland, from 130,000 to 180,000 Poles, all civilians: men, women, children, old and young. Polish‐Ukrainian conflict that openly emerged during and after World War I (in particular resulting in Polish‐Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919), that survived and even deepened later when western Ukraine became a part Poland, exploded again after the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. During Russian occupation of 1939‐1941, when hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported into central Russia, when tens of thousands were murdered (during so‐called Katyń massacres, among others), this open conflict had a limited character, helped by the fact that at that time Ukrainians, Ukrainian nationalists in particular, were also persecuted by the Russians. The worst came after German‐Russian war started on 22.06.1941 and German occupation resulted. Initially Ukrainians supported Germans (Ukrainian police was initiated, Ukrainians co—participated in extermination of the Jews and were joining army units fighting alongside Germans). Later when German ambivalent position towards Ukraine became apparent Ukrainians started acting independently. And in 1943 one of the units of aforementioned Ukrainian OUN/UPA organization, in Volyn, started and perpetrated a genocide of Polish population of this region. In mere few weeks OUN/UPA murdered, with Germans passively watching on the sidelines, more than 40,000 Poles. This strategy was consequently approved and adopted by all OUN/UPA organisations and similar genocides took place in Eastern Lesser Poland (part of Ukraine) where more than 20,000 Poles were slaughtered, meeting however with growing resistance from Polish population. Further west, in Chełm, Rzeszów, etc. regions this genocide turned into an extremely bloody conflict. In general genocide, perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists, partly collaborating with German occupants, on vulnerable Polish population took part in hundreds of villages and small towns, where virtually all Polish inhabitants were wiped out. More than 200 priests, religious and nuns perished in this holocaust — known as «Genocidium Atrox» (Eng. „savage genocide”) The nature and purpose of genocide is perhaps best reflected in the song sung by the murderers: „We will slaughter the Poles, we will cut down the Jews, we must conquer the great Ukraine” (ukr. „Поляків виріжем, Євреїв видусим, велику Україну здобути мусим”). This holocaust and conflict ended up in total elimination of Polish population and Polish culture from Ukraine, in enforced deportations in 1944‐1945 of remaining Poles from Ukraine and some Ukrainians into Ukraine proper, and finally in deportation of Ukrainians from East‐South to the Western parts of Polish republic prl by Commie‐Nazi Russian controlled Polish security forces („Vistula Action”). (more on: www.swzygmunt.knc.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.06.20]
)

Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
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sources

personal:
www.irbis-nbuv.gov.uaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26]
, vb.vpba.edu.uaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2026.07.13]

bibliographical:
Hierachy, clergy and employees of the Orthodox Church in the 19th‐21st centuries within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and post–war Poland”, Fr Gregory Sosna, M. Antonine Troc-Sosna, Warsaw–Bielsk Podlaski 2017
Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933‐1945”, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ed. Martin Dean, volume II: „Ghettos in German–Occupied Eastern Europe”, part B
Genocidium Atrox”, GTKRK, https://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/GENOCIDEs/15 GENOCIDUM ATROX/vPOLISH/MAINs/GENATROXsearch01.htm

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