Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland
XX century (1914 – 1989)
personal data
religious status
Servant of God
surname
KULPA
forename(s)
Sophia (pl. Zofia)
religious forename(s)
Mary Leocadia (pl. Maria Leokadia)
function
nun
creed
Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]
congregation
Congregation of the Sisters of st Joseph Blessed Virgin Mary's Bridgroom CSSJmore on
www.jozefitki.pl
[access: 2012.11.23]
(i.e. St Joseph Sisters)
diocese / province
Lviv archdiocesemore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2013.05.19]
date and place
of death
07.03.1945
Nyzhnivtoday: Tlumach urban hrom., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk rai., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.03.02]
details of death
After the German and Russian invasion of the Poland in 09.1939 and the start of World War II, after the beginning of the Russian occupation — the Russians entered the village of Polskaya Zahirya, c. 5 km from Nizhniv, on 18.09.1939 — and moved to the town of Chocimierz, c. 20 km to the south. In 1939, it had a population of c. 3,000 people, c. 30% Roman Catholics, 65% Greek Catholics and about 160 Jews.
After the German attack on 22.06.1941, on their erstwhile ally, the Russians, at the end of 1941, the Germans began implementing the German genocidal plan, the Germ. «Endlösung der Judenfrage» (Eng. Final Solution of the Jewish Question), which in the quasi‐state created by the Germans, called the Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), i.e. GG — Khotymyr became a part of it, of the Germ. Landkreis Stanislau (Eng. Stanislaviv County) within the Germ. Distrikt Galizien (Eng. Galicia District) — it was carried out under the German name Germ. «Aktion Reinhardt» (Eng. Reinhardt Operation). The Germans first deported the Jews from Khotymyr in 04.1942 to the ghetto in Stanislaviv, c. 35 km south‐west of the town. All of them were then murdered — some taken to the VL Belzec extermination camp, but most in the vicinity of Stanislaviv. In total, the Germans murdered, according to various estimates, 40,000‐127,000 Jews who passed through the ghetto in Stanislaviv.
Thus, by mid‐1942, Khotymyr was, according to German terminology, Germ. Judenfrei (Eng. free of Jews). C. 2,753 people lived there.
It may be assumed with a great degree of probability that, as in the nearby Nyzhniv, some of the prominent positions in Khotymyr were taken over — by German appointment — by Ukrainians. Order was maintained by the collaborationist Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (Eng. Ukrainian Auxiliary Police), in some regions also referred to as the Germ. Schutzmannschaft (Eng. Security Battalions), i.e. Schuma, that participated in the implementation of the genocidal Germ. «Endlösung der Judenfrage» German plan. One of the nuns from Nyzhniv recalled: „The two‐faced German policy aimed to arouse an increasingly stronger national hatred. They pretended to be the guardians towards the Poles and tried to establish social relations, at the same time promising the Ukrainians an independent Ukraine, secretly allowing them to accumulate weapons and create armed organizations in order to exterminate the Poles”. So when, in the summer of 1942, after the murder of the Jews, the Germans began to organize roundups and deportations to Germany for forced labor, when issued demands of the so‐called grain quota, i.e. forced deliveries of grain, the orders were carried out by the Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei, targeting mainly Poles.
At the same time, armed militias began to form in the surrounding forests — at the behest of the genocidal Ukrainian organization OUN. In the summer genocidal attacks on Polish civilians began. As one nun noted, „At first, these were sporadic incidents aimed at exterminating Polish priests and the intelligentsia, but in September [1943] the murders took on the character of some sadistic, monstrous game: the victims were kidnapped alive, taken to the forest for torture, or tortured at home before being finished off”.
These murders were not accidental. On the contratry, in 02.1943, Roman Shukhevych, nom de guerre „Taras Chuprynka”, the main commander of the UPA, issued an order: „The extermination operation should be carried out according to the following principles: Polish villages are to be burned, and their populations massacred. Attacks on towns will take place in broad daylight, not at night. In mixed villages, the Polish population alone should be liquidated, and farmsteads should be burned only if they are 15 meters away and when there is no risk of the fire spreading to neighboring Ukrainian buildings. The Ukrainian population will receive instructions as to where to gather during the attack […] For every Ukrainian murdered, whether by Poles or Germans, 100 (one hundred) Poles will be executed”.
It was the de facto signal for the commencement of the «Genocidium Atrox» — i.e. the genocide perpetrated by Ukrainians, known as „Volyn genocide”.
Immediately thereafter, in 03.1943, the UPA issued an appeal to members of the Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei, to desert and join the UPA. Perhaps as many as 10,000 Ukrainians did so.
In the Germ. Landkreis Stanislau, the plan was implemented by the commander of the OUN/UPA „UPA‐West” operational group, Vasyl Sydor, nom de guerre „Shelest”, who ordered „to continually strike at Poles until they are completely wiped out from these lands”. „UPA‐West” was established in 12.1943 — until then, the UPA had not formally operated in the Germ. District of Galicia, not wanting to „irritate the Germans”, only genocidal Ukrainian militias operated, hiding under the Ukrainian name Ukr. Українська Народна Самооборона (Eng. Ukrainian National Self‐Defense). From the beginning of 1944, Ukrainian genocidal bandits from the OUN/UPA extended the «Genocidium Atrox» also to Galicia. This was caused by the inevitable German defeat — the German–Russian front was rapidly approaching Galicia, and a major Russian offensive known as the Dnieper–Carpathian Operation was underway.
Prob. then moved to Nyzhniv, where the one of the houses of the of the Sisters of St Joseph CSSJ Congregation was located.
At the end of 03.1944, the Russians entered Nyzhniv. The capture was preceded by a panicky flight of Russian deserters who had defected to the German side in 1941 — many of them Poles, forced to serve in the occupying Russian army in 1939‐1941 — to the west. It was preceded by rapes committed by German soldiers retreating under Russian pressure, many of whom were collaborating Ukrainians.
The Russian occupation, however, was short‐lived. On c. 07.04.1944, the Germans launched a counterattack. This coincided with the Russians ending the Dnieper–Carpathian Operation and halting frontline fighting for the spring period. The Germans managed to push the Russians back c. 25 km to the northeast, beyond Buchach.
On the night of 15‐16.04.1944, a gang of Russian — it seems — marauders attacked the convent, i.e. Sisters of the Immaculate Conception CSIC Congregation house in Nyzhniv. One of the nuns recalled: „At 11 a.m., after breaking down the entrance door, a gang of Jews and Ukrainians in Soviet uniforms burst into our shelter. They searched our pockets brutally, and a Jew put a knife to the throat of Sister Aniela, who was defending herself, with the intention of slaughtering her. Seeing the sign of the Holy Cross made by one of the Sisters over the others, the Jew — the leader of the gang — started hitting her on the head with a revolver until blood spurted out. Convinced that death was near, the Sisters recited the «Credo» together, which made the bandits even more furious. They beat, bit, put revolvers to their foreheads, and pulled, trying to tear the youngest Sisters away from the Superior […] When two soldiers knocked Sister Mauryca to the ground, they began the Litany of Loreto. At the invocation «Immaculate Mother», the feeling of closeness and beauty of the Immaculate Virgin so enchanted us that, unaware of the time and circumstances, we began repeating it dozens, perhaps even hundreds of times”. The bandits ordered silence and drove the nuns to another room. From there, they managed to „slide unnoticed down through a hole in the wall into the basement”. There they waited until morning. They survived.
Prob. the house of the Sisters of St Joseph CSSJ was also destroyed at that time.The next day, the Germans, among whom were many Silesians forcibly conscripted into the German army, favorably disposed towards the nuns, entered the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception CSIC convent. The Hungarians, moving towards the front line, behaved similarly.
And then, in mid 05.1944, the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception decided to leave the convent and go to the motherhouse in Szymanów. Only Sr Francesca Hedwig Kosiorowska CSIC remained, serving outside the convent, at the parish.
Moved then into this convent with her co‐nun, Sr Therese Anne Skałecka CSSJ. On 08.06.1944, they were joined by two more nuns who expressed the wish to return, i.e. Sr Sophie Matilde Ustyanowicz CSIC and Sr Laetitia Wanda Szembek CSIC.
On 13.07.1944, the Russian offensive started again — the so‐–called Lviv–Sandomierz operation. The Russians entered Nyzhniv on c. 24.07.1944, and three days later captured Stanislaviv. Another Russian occupation began.
However, the OUN/UPA did not stop the genocidal attacks on Poles. When on c. 21.09.1944, the above‐mentioned Sr Ustyanowicz and Sr Szembek set off on a trip to another house of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception in Yazlovets, c. 30 km east of Nyzhniv, they were murdered by Ukrainians along the way. Although on 01.09.1944, Vasyl Sydor, nom de guerre „Shelest”, commander of „UPA‐West”, ordered a halt to the genocidal action, the order did not include „the Polish element collaborating with the NKVD and the organs of Moscow imperialism”. The OUN/UPA was still to attack „a Polish militia of 20 people in some locality. One third or half of them should be destroyed, the rest disarmed and warned that if they do not stop collaborating with the Bolsheviks against us, they will also be destroyed next time”. The halt was short–lived — already at the turn of 1944/1945, Ukrainian génocidaires resumed the murders of Polish civilians. The Stanislaviv region was subordinated to the 4th WO „Hoverla”, i.e. the UPA military district, commanded by Mykola Tverdokhlib, nom de guerre „Hrim”. Within it, Stanislaviv itself and the surrounding area were subordinated to the UPA „Black Fox” Tactical Sector, commanded by Vasyl Andrusiak, nom de guerre „Rizun”, responsible for numerous murders of Poles.
At the same time, the Russians began a large‐scale deportation of Poles westward, in line with the centuries‐old Russian method of solving social and national problems — forced, genocidal relocation of entire various population groups to new territories, e.g. Siberia, etc.
In Nyzhniv, the local Catholic parish priest, prob. Fr Ignatius Wnuk, was said to have turned „the monastery into a fortress surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by guards”, where c. 120 Polish families found shelter. This probably saved their lives, as at the turn of 1944/1945 the OUN/UPA carried out several attacks on Nyzhniv and surrounding villages, i.a. on 06.12.1944. The Ukrainians prob. murdered c. 128 Poles, including c. 58 in the hamlet of Kupeliv and c. 10 in the hamlet of Smerkliv on the Dniester River, both villages c. 4 km from the town.
At the turn of 02‐03.1945, Fr Wnuk, along with most of the Poles, left for the west, into unknown. The nuns remained in the monastery for a few days, having an arranged a place in the next transport.
didn't make it. On the night of 07‐08.03.1945, a genocidal Ukrainian gang burst into the convent.
Captured and doused with gasoline.
Set on fire and burned alive.
Two other nuns perished similarly: Sr Francesca Hedwig Kosiorowska CSIC and Sr Therese Anne Anna Skałecka CSSJ.
The church adjacent to the convent burned down. The convent was demolished to its foundations. In their place, a park of agricultural machinery was built. Of the 45 houses of the Sisters of St Joseph CSSJ Congregation, only 11 survived, and even these were liquidated by the Russians shortly afterwards.
On 12.10.2007, the génocidaire Roman Shukhevych was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine. On 10.12.2017, on behalf of the „Coordination Council for the Commemoration of Decorated Knights of the OUN and UPA”, génocidaire Vasyl Sydor was posthumously awarded in Lviv the Silver Cross of Military Merit of the UPA, 1st Class (No. 009). On 01.12.2017, on behalf of the aforementioned „Coordination Council”, the génocidaire Vasyl Andrusyak was posthumously awarded in Halych the Golden Cross of Military Merit of the UPA, 1st Class (No. 015) and the Golden Cross of Military Merit of the UPA, 2nd Class (No. 006). Mykola Tverdokhlib committed suicide in 1954, defending himself in a bunker against an attack of Russian MGB. On 05.12.2017, on behalf of the same „Coordination Council”, was posthumously awarded in Stanisłaviv the Bronze Cross of Military Merit of the UPA (No. 042).
In several locations, monuments and commemorative plaques have been erected to these Lat. „hostis humani generis”, the schools were named after them.
Lat. „O Tempora! O mores!”
cause of death
mass murder
perpetrators
Ukrainians
sites and events
«Genocidium Atrox»Click to display the description, VL BelzecClick to display the description, GeneralgouvernementClick to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description
date and place
of birth
05.02.1883Birth certification on:
photos.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl
[access: 2025.04.19]
Grodzisko Górnetoday: Grodzisko Dolne gm., Leżajsk pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09]
parents
KULPA John
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?
ŚMIAŁEK Marianne
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?
baptism
08.02.1883Birth certification on:
photos.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl
[access: 2025.04.19]
Grodzisko Dolnetoday: Grodzisko Dolne gm., Leżajsk pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09]
St Barbara the Virgin and Martyr RC church
religious vows
19.10.1907 (temporary)
28.07.1913 (permanent)
positions held
c. 1944 – 1945
nun — Nyzhnivtoday: Tlumach urban hrom., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk rai., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.03.02] ⋄ Congregation's house, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ
c. 1940 – c. 1944
superior — Khotymyrtoday: Khotymyr hrom., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk rai., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.03.02] ⋄ Congregation's house, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ — gardener, embroiderer
1939 – c. 1940
nun — Polskaya Zahiryatoday: Zahirya, Tlumach urban hrom., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk rai., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk obl., Ukraine
more on
uk.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.08.19] ⋄ Congregation's house, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ
1938 – 1939
nun — Kalushtoday: Kalush urban hrom., Kalush rai., Stanislaviv/Ivano‐Frankivsk obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.20] ⋄ Congregation's house, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ — ministry at an orphanage
till 1938
nun — Lvivtoday: Lviv urban hrom., Lviv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.01.16] ⋄ Motherhouse, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ — gardener, embroiderer in the House of Voluntary Work run by the Congregation (mainly for the homeless and beggars); also: e.g. guardian of a group of men maintaining order at the Łyczakowski cemetery under her direction
1906 – 1907
novitiate — Lvivtoday: Lviv urban hrom., Lviv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.01.16] ⋄ Motherhouse, St Joseph Sisters CSSJ
03.09.1906
accession — St Joseph Sisters CSSJ
others related
in death
KOSIOROWSKAClick to display biography Hedwig (Sr Francesca), SKAŁECKAClick to display biography Anne (Sr Mary Therese), SZEMBEKClick to display biography Mary Wanda Rosalie (Sr Mary Laetitia of God's Love), USTYANOWICZClick to display biography Matilde Stephanie Anne (Sr Mary Sophia of Heart of Jesus), KRAŚNICKIClick to display biography Andrew
sites and events
descriptions
«Genocidium Atrox»: In 1939‐1947, especially in 1943‐1944, independent Ukrainian units, mainly belonging to genocidal Ukrainian organizations OUN (political arm) and UPA (military arm), supported by local Ukrainian population, murdered — often in extremely brutal way — in Volyn and surrounding regions of pre‐war Poland, from 130,000 to 180,000 Poles, all civilians: men, women, children, old and young. Polish‐Ukrainian conflict that openly emerged during and after World War I (in particular resulting in Polish‐Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919), that survived and even deepened later when western Ukraine became a part Poland, exploded again after the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. During Russian occupation of 1939‐1941, when hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported into central Russia, when tens of thousands were murdered (during so‐called Katyń massacres, among others), this open conflict had a limited character, helped by the fact that at that time Ukrainians, Ukrainian nationalists in particular, were also persecuted by the Russians. The worst came after German‐Russian war started on 22.06.1941 and German occupation resulted. Initially Ukrainians supported Germans (Ukrainian police was initiated, Ukrainians co—participated in extermination of the Jews and were joining army units fighting alongside Germans). Later when German ambivalent position towards Ukraine became apparent Ukrainians started acting independently. And in 1943 one of the units of aforementioned Ukrainian OUN/UPA organization, in Volyn, started and perpetrated a genocide of Polish population of this region. In mere few weeks OUN/UPA murdered, with Germans passively watching on the sidelines, more than 40,000 Poles. This strategy was consequently approved and adopted by all OUN/UPA organisations and similar genocides took place in Eastern Lesser Poland (part of Ukraine) where more than 20,000 Poles were slaughtered, meeting however with growing resistance from Polish population. Further west, in Chełm, Rzeszów, etc. regions this genocide turned into an extremely bloody conflict. In general genocide, perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists, partly collaborating with German occupants, on vulnerable Polish population took part in hundreds of villages and small towns, where virtually all Polish inhabitants were wiped out. More than 200 priests, religious and nuns perished in this holocaust — known as «Genocidium Atrox» (Eng. „savage genocide”) The nature and purpose of genocide is perhaps best reflected in the song sung by the murderers: „We will slaughter the Poles, we will cut down the Jews, we must conquer the great Ukraine” (ukr. „Поляків виріжем, Євреїв видусим, велику Україну здобути мусим”). This holocaust and conflict ended up in total elimination of Polish population and Polish culture from Ukraine, in enforced deportations in 1944‐1945 of remaining Poles from Ukraine and some Ukrainians into Ukraine proper, and finally in deportation of Ukrainians from East‐South to the Western parts of Polish republic prl by Commie‐Nazi Russian controlled Polish security forces („Vistula Action”). (more on: www.swzygmunt.knc.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.06.20])
VL Belzec: German Germ. Vernichtungslager (Eng. Extermination camp) VL — oficially known as SS‐Sonderkommando Belzec — operational from 03.1942 till 06.1943 n. Belzec village, c. 8 km to the south of Tomaszów Lubelski, founded as part of German „Reinhardt” program of extermination of Jewish population. Victims were mainly Polish Jews from ghettos and camps in German‐run General Governorate, mainly from Galicia, Cracow and Lublin districts; but also Austrian, Czech, German, Slovak and Hungarian Jews. The victims were murdered in stationary gas chambers with exhaust fumes. The number of exterminated is estimated to reach c. 450,000. The camp was run by c. 20. German and Austrian SS functionaries at any one time. They were supported by a company of watchmen (Germ. SS‐Wachmannschaften) — mainly former Russian POWs who switched sides, in general of Ukrainian nationality. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.02.08])
Generalgouvernement: After the Polish defeat in the 09.1939 campaign, which was the result of the Ribbentrop‐Molotov Pact and constituted the first stage of World War II, and the beginning of German occupation in part of Poland (in the other, eastern part of Poland, the Russian occupation began), the Germans divided the occupied Polish territory into five main regions. In two of them new German provinces were created, two other were incorporated into other provinces. However, the fifth part was treated separately, and in a political sense it was supposed to recreate the German idea from 1915 (during World War I, after the defeat of the Russians in the Battle of Gorlice in 05.1915) of creating a Polish enclave within Germany. Illegal in the sense of international law, i.e. Hague Convention, and public law, managed by the Germans according to separate laws — especially established for the Polish Germ. Untermenschen (Eng. subhumans) — till the Russian offensive in 1945 it constituted part of the Germ. Großdeutschland (Eng. Greater Germany). Till 31.07.1940 formally called Germ. Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete (Eng. General Government for the occupied Polish lands) — later simply Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), as in the years 1915‐1918. From 07.1941, i.e. after the German attack on 22.06.1941 against the erstwhile ally, the Russians, it also included the Galicia district, i.e. the Polish pre‐war south‐eastern voivodeships. A special criminal law was enacted and applied to Poles and Jews, allowing for the arbitrary administration of the death penalty regardless of the age of the „perpetrator”, and sanctioning the use of collective responsibility. After the end of the military conflict of the World War UU, the government of the Germ. Generalgouvernement was recognized as a criminal organization, and its leader, governor Hans Frank, guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.12.13])
Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30])
Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])
sources
personal:
cracovia-leopolis.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.01.06], nawolyniu.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.01.06], studiowschod.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2026.07.13], photos.szukajwarchiwach.gov.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2025.04.19], www.zbrodniawolynska.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.12.04]
bibliographical:
„Catholic nuns — victims of crimes of Ukrainian nationalists in Lviv metropolis of the Latin rite in 1939‐1947”, Sr Agnes Michna, IPN, Warsaw, 2010
„Mysterium iniquitatis. Clergy and religious of the Latin rite murdered by Ukrainian nationalists in 1939‐1945”, Fr Józef Marecki, Institute of National Remembrance IPN, Kraków 2020
„Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933‐1945”, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ed. Martin Dean, volume II: „Ghettos in German–Occupied Eastern Europe”, part A
„Genocidium Atrox”, GTKRK, https://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/GENOCIDEs/15 GENOCIDUM ATROX/vPOLISH/MAINs/GENATROXsearch01.htm
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