Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland
XX century (1914 – 1989)
personal data
surname
KUSZYŃSKI
surname
versions/aliases
KUCZYŃSKI
forename(s)
John (pl. Jan)
function
diocesan priest
creed
Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]
diocese / province
Lviv archdiocesemore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2013.05.19]
date and place
of death
14.02.1944
Toporivtoday: Busk urban hrom., Zolochiv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
alt. dates and places
of death
16.02.1944
details of death
After the German and Russian invasion of Poland in 09.1939 and the beginning of World War II, after the German attack on 22.06.1941 on the erstwhile ally, the Russians, and the beginning of the German occupation, in 1942 became — prob. as a newly ordained priest — vicar of the Toporiv parish.
Toporiv, c. 60 km northeast of Lviv, in 1939 was inhabited by an estimated c. 3,900 people, of whom c. 35% were Poles/Roman Catholics, 46% Ukrainians/Greek Catholics, and 17% Jews (i.e. c. 650 people). After the beginning of the occupation, it became part of the Germ. Landkreis Kamionka Strumiłowa (Eng. Kamyanka Strumilova County), belonging to the Germ. Distrikt Galizien (Eng. Galicia District) within the quasi‐state occupied and administered by the Germans, called the Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), i.e. GG.
When in 1942 arrived at the parish, the Germans were entering the decisive phase of implementation of the genocidal plan, the Germ. «Endlösung der Judenfrage» (Eng. Final Solution of the Jewish Question), which in GG was known as Germ. «Aktion Reinhardt» (Eng. Operation Reinhardt). The first persecution of Jews and the first murder of c. 180 Jews in Toporiv took place on 26.06.1941, the day the Germans entered the town. Its perpetrators were the town's Ukrainian population, who accused the Jews, not without justification, of collaboration with the Russian occupiers and held them jointly responsible for the murders and deportations deep into Russia, „to Siberia” — in accordance with the standard Russian practice of resolving social and national conflicts — of hundreds of thousands of Poles and Ukrainians. This period is prob. covered by a journalistic account of one of the witnesses" recollection of the genocide of Jews: „Alexander Dębicki's memories still vividly recall the bodies of the murdered, transported in horse‐drawn carts to the cemetery near his family home”. In Toporiv, a ghetto was not organized — Jews were simply deported in batches to be executed. In 03.1942‐02.1943, 100‐200 people each time, the Germans — with the cooperation of the collaborative Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (Eng. Ukrainian Auxiliary Police), in some regions also referred to as the Germ. Schutzmannschaft (Eng. Protection Battalions), i.e. Schuma — deported Jews directly to the Germ. Vernichtungslager (Eng. extermination camp) VL Belzec, or to the ghetto in Brody, c. 35 km away, from where they were later transported prob. to the same VL Belzec. There they were murdered en masse.
In 1943, after the murder of the Jews, only 3,020 people resided in Toporiv.
Helplessly observing the genocide of Jews, engaged also in secret education of children (part of the activities of the Polish Clandestine State). The source of German law was, after all, the document issued on 28.09.1939, by two officials of the German Central Germ. Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP (Eng. Office of Racial Policy of the NDSAP), Erhard Wetzel and Günther Hecht — both with doctoral degrees, of course: the former in law, the latter in herpetology, i.e. department of zoology studying amphibians and reptiles — based on the guidelines articulated two days earlier by the German socialist leader, Adolf Hitler, in the memorandum Germ. „Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassepolitischen Gesichtspunkten” (Eng. „The Treatment of the Population of the Former Polish Territories from the Point of View of Racial Policy”). These outstanding representatives of the „master race” wrote i.a. in it, that in occupied Polish lands: „Universities and other higher schools, vocational schools, as well as secondary schools have always been the center of Polish chauvinistic upbringing and therefore should be closed altogether. Only primary schools should be allowed, and they should teach only the most primitive things: arithmetic, reading and writing. Education in nationally important fields such as geography, history, history of literature, and gymnastics must be banned”. Violating the teaching ban was punishable by death.
Became a victim of the «Genocidium Atrox» — i.e. the genocide committed by Ukrainians against Poles, known also as the „Volyn” genocide.
The «Genocidium Atrox» began in Volyn. In 02.1943 Roman Shukhevych, nom de guerre „Taras Chuprynka”, the chief commander of the Ukrainian, genocidal OUN/UPA organisation, issued an order: „The extermination operation should be carried out according to the following principles: Polish villages are to be burned, and their populations massacred. Attacks on towns will take place in broad daylight, not at night. In mixed villages, the Polish population alone should be liquidated, and farmsteads should be burned only if they are 15 meters away and when there is no risk of the fire spreading to neighboring Ukrainian buildings. The Ukrainian population will receive instructions as to where to gather during the attack […] For every Ukrainian murdered, whether by Poles or Germans, 100 (one hundred) Poles will be executed”.
Immediately thereafter, in 03.1943, the UPA issued an appeal to members of the Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei / Schuma, to desert and join the UPA. Perhaps as many as 10,000 Ukrainians did so.
This was the de facto signal for the commencement of «Genocidium Atrox».
In 1943, Volyn was not in the GG, but belonged to the Germ. Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Eng. Reich Commissariat Ukraine), an occupational body established by the Germans after the German attack on 22.06.1941 on the Russians. The choice of Volyn for the beginning of the «Genocidium Atrox» and the genocide of Poles by the OUN/UPA was not accidental. Firstly, Volyn in pre‐war Poland had prob. the smallest percentage of Polish population in the entire country. Secondly, it was probably the least economically developed voivodeship of Poland, which was caused by the deliberate policy of the Russians in the 19th century, ruling then in part of partitioned Poland — the direct route to the heart of Russia, to Moscow, runs through Volyn, so no roads were laid there, no bridges built, no marshy areas around the Pripyat drained, no industry located, and no schools established. Thirdly, and finally, it was Volyn (and the Chełm region) that was to be incorporated into the borders of the short‐lived Ukrainian state, to be established on the basis of the Treaty of Brest‐Litovsk of 09.02.1918 during World War I, agreed by the Central Powers (German Empire, Austro–Hungarian Monarchy) — in 1943 the Germans simply fulfilled the obligations undertaken at that time.
Ukrainian génocidaires murdered tens of thousands of Poles and burned hundreds of villages in Volyn in 1943 as part of the «Genocidium Atrox» program.
When it became clear at the turn of 1943/1944 that Germany was losing the war in the East — on 24.12.1943, a major Russian offensive known as the Dnieper–Carpathian Operation began, which by 04.1944 reached a line c. 80 km east from Lviv — the OUN/UPA decided to extend the «Genocidium Atrox» extermination plan to the Germ. Distrikt Galizien. Until then, the groups operating there were mainly — so as not to „annoy” the Germans — units operating under the euphemistic Ukrainian name Ukr. Українська Народна Самооборона (Eng. Ukrainian National Self‐Defense), i.e. UNS, reinforced by deserters from the Germ. Ukrainische Hilfspolizei and Schuma, seasoned in the genocide of Jews. The Ukrainian génocidaires, among others, formed the OUN/UPA operational group „UPA‐West”, under the command of Vasyl Sydor, nom de guerre „Shelest”, who ordered „to constantly attack Poles until they are completely exterminated from these lands”. The Military District WO‐2 „Buh”, subordinate to „UPA‐West”, commanded by Ostap Lynda, nom de guerre „Yarema”, who in 1941 was a platoon commander in the Ukrainian Germ. Sondergruppe Nachtigall (Eng. Special Group Nightingale) — a unit of the Germ. Wehrmacht (Eng. Armed Forces) taking part in the German attack on the Russians in 1941, accused of participating in the pogrom of Jews in Lviv in 1941 — and later a member of the Germ. Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 201 (Eng. 201st. Schutzmannschaft Battalion) — responsible for the murder of Jews and civilians in the territory of Belarus — i.e. whose path to the OUN/UPA was therefore the same as that of its main commander, the aforementioned Roman Shukhevych, was responsible for the implementation of «Genocidium Atrox» in the vicinity of Lviv, including Toporiv.
And it was then that the attack on Toporiv took place. A Ukrainian gang organized an attack on his rectory.
The Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN reports that „The attack was supposed to be organized by Ukrainian priest John Kozak and his son Vanka (i.e. Johnny), who also participated in raids on nearby towns. The priest blessed swords and administered oaths to the molodets. Mayor of the town, Stephen Demczyszyn, likely also knew about the murders”. This Greek Catholic priest must have been a new priest to the Lviv Archeparchy, as the 1938 Archeparchy's schematism makes no mention of him. It is known, however, that in 1940, during the Russian occupation, the parish priest of Toporiv died, and Fr Kozak likely replaced him at that time. His origins are unknown.
Dragged from the rectory.
Cruelly tortured.
Killed with a shot to the heart — his request for confession was mockingly rejected.
According to sources: „The priest's mutilated body was dragged by the executioners to the local church and tied to a crucifix with barbed wire”.
The organist and 9‐15 other Poles were murdered along with him.
Today Toporiv is a small village, in 2023 inhabited by 1,009 people.
On 12.10.2007, the génocidaire Roman Shukhevych was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine. On 10.12.2017, on behalf of the „Coordination Council for the Commemoration of Decorated Knights of the OUN and UPA”, génocidaire Vasyl Sydor was posthumously awarded in Lviv the Silver Cross of Military Merit of the UPA, 1st Class (No. 009). In several locations, monuments and commemorative plaques have been erected to these Lat. „hostis humani generis”, the schools were named after them.
Lat. „O Tempora! O mores!”
cause of death
mass murder
perpetrators
Ukrainians
sites and events
«Genocidium Atrox»Click to display the description, Secret educational systemClick to display the description, GeneralgouvernementClick to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description
date and place
of birth
23.08.1915
Pavlivtoday: Radekhiv urban hrom., Sheptytskyi rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.08.05]
parents
KUSZYŃSKI John
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?
GOLAŃSKA Caroline
🞲 ?, ? — 🕆 ?, ?
presbyter (holy orders)
ordination
11.05.1941
Lvivtoday: Lviv urban hrom., Lviv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.01.16]
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary RC archcathedral churchmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.07.17]
positions held
1942 – 1944
vicar — Toporivtoday: Busk urban hrom., Zolochiv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine ⋄ St Stanislav the Bishop and Martyr RC parish ⋄ Busktoday: Busk urban hrom., Zolochiv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.20] RC deanery — occasionally ministered also in the Huta Połaniecka's fillial church
1937 – 1941
student — Lvivtoday: Lviv urban hrom., Lviv rai., Lviv obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.01.16] ⋄ philosophy and theology, Metropolitan Theological Seminary — till 1939, most of the lectures were held at the Faculty of Theology of the John Casimir University in Lviv; from 11.1939, when the Russian occupier closed the faculty, clandestine lectures were held for a month in the Seminary building; from 12.1939, after the nationalization (i.e. robbery) of the seminary buildings by the Russians, clandestine lectures were conducted, among others, in the house of the Sisters of St Borromeo, in the monastery of Resurrectionist Fathers, the orphanage of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary and in the buildings of the St Mary Magdalene parish in Lviv, and seminarians lived in presbyteries and monasteries in this city
sites and events
descriptions
«Genocidium Atrox»: In 1939‐1947, especially in 1943‐1944, independent Ukrainian units, mainly belonging to genocidal Ukrainian organizations OUN (political arm) and UPA (military arm), supported by local Ukrainian population, murdered — often in extremely brutal way — in Volyn and surrounding regions of pre‐war Poland, from 130,000 to 180,000 Poles, all civilians: men, women, children, old and young. Polish‐Ukrainian conflict that openly emerged during and after World War I (in particular resulting in Polish‐Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919), that survived and even deepened later when western Ukraine became a part Poland, exploded again after the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. During Russian occupation of 1939‐1941, when hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported into central Russia, when tens of thousands were murdered (during so‐called Katyń massacres, among others), this open conflict had a limited character, helped by the fact that at that time Ukrainians, Ukrainian nationalists in particular, were also persecuted by the Russians. The worst came after German‐Russian war started on 22.06.1941 and German occupation resulted. Initially Ukrainians supported Germans (Ukrainian police was initiated, Ukrainians co—participated in extermination of the Jews and were joining army units fighting alongside Germans). Later when German ambivalent position towards Ukraine became apparent Ukrainians started acting independently. And in 1943 one of the units of aforementioned Ukrainian OUN/UPA organization, in Volyn, started and perpetrated a genocide of Polish population of this region. In mere few weeks OUN/UPA murdered, with Germans passively watching on the sidelines, more than 40,000 Poles. This strategy was consequently approved and adopted by all OUN/UPA organisations and similar genocides took place in Eastern Lesser Poland (part of Ukraine) where more than 20,000 Poles were slaughtered, meeting however with growing resistance from Polish population. Further west, in Chełm, Rzeszów, etc. regions this genocide turned into an extremely bloody conflict. In general genocide, perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists, partly collaborating with German occupants, on vulnerable Polish population took part in hundreds of villages and small towns, where virtually all Polish inhabitants were wiped out. More than 200 priests, religious and nuns perished in this holocaust — known as «Genocidium Atrox» (Eng. „savage genocide”) The nature and purpose of genocide is perhaps best reflected in the song sung by the murderers: „We will slaughter the Poles, we will cut down the Jews, we must conquer the great Ukraine” (ukr. „Поляків виріжем, Євреїв видусим, велику Україну здобути мусим”). This holocaust and conflict ended up in total elimination of Polish population and Polish culture from Ukraine, in enforced deportations in 1944‐1945 of remaining Poles from Ukraine and some Ukrainians into Ukraine proper, and finally in deportation of Ukrainians from East‐South to the Western parts of Polish republic prl by Commie‐Nazi Russian controlled Polish security forces („Vistula Action”). (more on: www.swzygmunt.knc.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.06.20])
Secret educational system: After the occupation began, the Germans started a ruthless fight against the Polish intelligentsia. The source of German law became the memorandum Germ. „Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassepolitischen Gesichtspunkten” (Eng. „The Treatment of the Population of the Former Polish Territories from the Point of View of Racial Policy”), issued on 28.09.1939 by two officials of the German Central Germ. Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP (Eng. National Office of Racial Policy), Erhard Wetzel and Günther Hecht — both with doctoral degrees, of course: the former in law, the latter in herpetology, i.e. the branch of zoology that studies amphibians and reptiles — based on the guidelines articulated two days earlier by the German socialist leader, Adolf Hitler. These outstanding representatives of the „master race” wrote in it, i.a. that in the occupied Polish territories: „Universities and other higher education institutions, vocational schools and secondary schools have always been centers of Polish chauvinistic upbringing and therefore should be closed altogether. Only elementary schools should be allowed, which should teach only the most primitive things: arithmetic, reading and writing. Education in nationally important subjects, such as geography, history, the history of literature, and gymnastics, must be banned”. Even religious education higher than elementary has become illegal. And in areas directly incorporated to Germany, e.g. Germ. Reichsgau Wartheland (Eng. Warta Country Reich District), the Germans went further — shut down all schools teaching in Polish, Hebrew and Yiddish. The resistance Polish Clandestine State created a secret education system. In 1944, over 100,000 young people studied in secret high schools, and several thousand in secret universities (e.g. the University of Warsaw, the University of Western Territories, the Jagiellonian University, the John Casimir University in Lviv. Secret teaching was ruthlessly combated by the German occupation authorities ‐ in 1939‐ 1945 8,500 Polish teachers lost their lives. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2022.11.29])
Generalgouvernement: After the Polish defeat in the 09.1939 campaign, which was the result of the Ribbentrop‐Molotov Pact and constituted the first stage of World War II, and the beginning of German occupation in part of Poland (in the other, eastern part of Poland, the Russian occupation began), the Germans divided the occupied Polish territory into five main regions. In two of them new German provinces were created, two other were incorporated into other provinces. However, the fifth part was treated separately, and in a political sense it was supposed to recreate the German idea from 1915 (during World War I, after the defeat of the Russians in the Battle of Gorlice in 05.1915) of creating a Polish enclave within Germany. Illegal in the sense of international law, i.e. Hague Convention, and public law, managed by the Germans according to separate laws — especially established for the Polish Germ. Untermenschen (Eng. subhumans) — till the Russian offensive in 1945 it constituted part of the Germ. Großdeutschland (Eng. Greater Germany). Till 31.07.1940 formally called Germ. Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete (Eng. General Government for the occupied Polish lands) — later simply Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), as in the years 1915‐1918. From 07.1941, i.e. after the German attack on 22.06.1941 against the erstwhile ally, the Russians, it also included the Galicia district, i.e. the Polish pre‐war south‐eastern voivodeships. A special criminal law was enacted and applied to Poles and Jews, allowing for the arbitrary administration of the death penalty regardless of the age of the „perpetrator”, and sanctioning the use of collective responsibility. After the end of the military conflict of the World War UU, the government of the Germ. Generalgouvernement was recognized as a criminal organization, and its leader, governor Hans Frank, guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.12.13])
Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30])
Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])
sources
personal:
nawolyniu.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.01.06], cracovia-leopolis.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.01.06], jaroslawskaksiegakresowian.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2026.07.13], ojs.tnkul.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.04.02], zbrodniawolynska.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2026.07.13]
bibliographical:
„Register of Latin rite Lviv metropolis clergy’s losses in 1939‐45”, Józef Krętosz, Maria Pawłowiczowa, editors, Opole, 2005
„Biographical lexicon of Lviv Roman Catholic Metropoly clergy victims of the II World War 1939‐1945”, Mary Pawłowiczowa (ed.), Fr Joseph Krętosz (ed.), Holy Cross Publishing, Opole, 2007
„Schematismus Universi Saecularis et Regularis Cleri Archi Diaeceseos Metropol. Leopol. Rit. Lat.”, Lviv Metropolitan Curia, from 1860 till 1938
„Mysterium iniquitatis. Clergy and religious of the Latin rite murdered by Ukrainian nationalists in 1939‐1945”, Fr Józef Marecki, Institute of National Remembrance IPN, Kraków 2020
„Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933‐1945”, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ed. Martin Dean, volume II: „Ghettos in German–Occupied Eastern Europe”, part A
„Genocidium Atrox”, GTKRK, https://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/GENOCIDEs/15 GENOCIDUM ATROX/vPOLISH/MAINs/GENATROXsearch01.htm
original images:
www.kchodorowski.republika.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.05.19], wegliniec.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.31]
LETTER to CUSTODIAN/ADMINISTRATOR
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