• OUR LADY of CZĘSTOCHOWA: st Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionOUR LADY of CZĘSTOCHOWA
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
link to OUR LADY of PERPETUAL HELP in SŁOMCZYN infoSITE LOGO

Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland

  • St SIGISMUND: St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland

XX century (1914 – 1989)

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  • KOZAL Michael - 08.1939, source: www.szkolnictwo.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    08.1939
    source: www.szkolnictwo.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - c. 13.08.1939, day of bishop's ordination, source: www.youtube.com, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    c. 13.08.1939, day of bishop's ordination
    source: www.youtube.com
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination, source: misyjne.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination
    source: misyjne.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    13.08.1939, Włocławek, day of bishop's ordination
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1930s, Gniezno, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1930s, Gniezno
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1920s, Bydgoszcz, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1920s, Bydgoszcz
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1920-1923, Krostkowo, source: www.swietyjozef.kalisz.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1920-1923, Krostkowo
    source: www.swietyjozef.kalisz.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1918-1920, Pobiedziska, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1918-1920, Pobiedziska
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1914-1918, theological seminary, Gniezno, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1914-1918, theological seminary, Gniezno
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - 1940-1941, internment, Ląd, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    1940-1941, internment, Ląd
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - camp's photo, prob. 04.1941, source: kosciol.wiara.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    camp's photo, prob. 04.1941
    source: kosciol.wiara.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - camp's photo, prob. 04.1941, source: biblia-swieci.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    camp's photo, prob. 04.1941
    source: biblia-swieci.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - camp's photo, prob. 04.1941, source: kosciol.wiara.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    camp's photo, prob. 04.1941
    source: kosciol.wiara.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - camp's photo, source: twitter.com, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    camp's photo
    source: twitter.com
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, source: m.niedziela.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image
    source: m.niedziela.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, source: ekai.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image
    source: ekai.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, theological seminary, Bydgoszcz, source: www.facebook.com, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image, theological seminary, Bydgoszcz
    source: www.facebook.com
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, Licheń, source: www.facebook.com, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image, Licheń
    source: www.facebook.com
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, Krostkowo, source: slideplayer.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image, Krostkowo
    source: slideplayer.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, source: www.obrazki.witkm.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image
    source: www.obrazki.witkm.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, source: opoka.news, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image
    source: opoka.news
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Contemporary image, source: www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Contemporary image
    source: www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl
    own collection

religious status

blessed

surname

KOZAL

forename(s)

Michael (pl. Michał)

  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plaque, church-fara, Krotoszyn, source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plaque, church-fara, Krotoszyn
    source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plaque, Gdańska Str., Włocławek, source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plaque, Gdańska Str., Włocławek
    source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plague, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary cathedral basilica, Włocławek, source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plague, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary cathedral basilica, Włocławek
    source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plaque, family house, Nowy Folwark, source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plaque, family house, Nowy Folwark
    source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plaque, Theological Seminary, Włocławek, source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plaque, Theological Seminary, Włocławek
    source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative stone, 25 Polish Army Str., Włocławek, source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative stone, 25 Polish Army Str., Włocławek
    source: pomniki.wloclawek.pl
    own collection
  • KOZAL Michael - Commemorative plaque of students and teachers of Krotoszyn gymnasium, victims of the II World War, gymnasium, Krotoszyn, source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOZAL Michael
    Commemorative plaque of students and teachers of Krotoszyn gymnasium, victims of the II World War, gymnasium, Krotoszyn
    source: www.eszkola-wielkopolska.pl
    own collection

beatification date

14.06.1987

the RC Pope John Paul IImore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

function

bishop

creed

Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Włocławek diocesemore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2013.05.19]

Gniezno and Poznań archdiocese (aeque principaliter)more on
www.archpoznan.pl
[access: 2012.11.23]

honorary titles

Papal chamberlainmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.22]

date and place
of death

26.01.1943

KL Dachauconcentration camp
today: Dachau, Upper Bavaria reg., Bavaria state, Germany

more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2016.05.30]

alt. dates and places
of death

23.01.1943

details of death

After German and Russian invasion of Poland in 09.1939 and start of the World War II, after start of German occupation, arrested by the Germans on 07.11.1939, together with Włocławek's priests, 9 professors and 22 students of theological seminary.

Jailed in Włocławek prison.

From 16.01.1940 jailed in Ląd transit camp.

Next on 03.04.1941 moved to Inowrocław transit camp where was severely beaten by German guards.

From there moved to Berlin prison where was incarcerated during Easter 13‑14.04.1941.

Finally on 25.04.1941 transported — via Halle, Weimer and Nürenburg — to KL Dachau concentration camp.

There fell seriously ill with ear Infection (Lat. otitis media).

At the order of the supreme German authorities, in order to „not create martyrs” — according to the unofficial national–socialist policy — transferred to a block of patients suffering from typhus (an epidemic of abdominal typhus — typhoid fever — was spreading in the camp).

There murdered with an injection of phenol via his hand.

Officially stated cause of death — victim of typhoid.

cause of death

murder

perpetrators

Germans

date and place
of birth

25.09.1893

Nowy Folwarktoday: Krotoszyn gm., Krotoszyn pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

23.02.1918 (Gniezno cathedralmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14]
)

positions held

1939 – 1943

titular bishop — appointment: on 10.06.1939; ordination: on 13.08.1939, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary cathedral in Włocławek

1939 – 1943

auxiliary bishop (Lat. episcopus auxiliaris) — appointment: on 10.06.1939

1929 – 1939

rector — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ Archbishop's Theological Seminary

1932 – 1939

visitor / inspector of religion education — schools ⋄ Gniezno RC archdiocese

1927 – 1929

professor — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ fundamental theology, Archbishop's Theological Seminary

1927 – 1929

spiritual father — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ Archbishop's Theological Seminary

pro–synodal judge — Gniezno RC archdiocese

censor of religious books (Lat. censores librorum) — Gniezno RC archdiocese

1923 – 1927

prefect — Bydgoszcztoday: Bydgoszcz city pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.20]
⋄ City Catholic gymnasium for Women ⋄ St Martin and St Nicholas the Bishops and Confessors RC parish (main parish)Bydgoszcztoday: Bydgoszcz city pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.20]
RC deanery

1920 – 1923

curatus/rector/expositus — Krostkowotoday: Białośliwie gm., Piła pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.01]
⋄ St Nicholas the Bishop and Confessor RC church ⋄ Kosztowotoday: Wyrzysk gm., Piła pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.19]
, St Anne RC parish ⋄ Nakło nad Noteciątoday: Nakło nad Notecią gm., Nakło nad Notecią pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.27]
RC deanery

1920

vicar — Pobiedziskatoday: Pobiedziska gm., Poznań pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.01]
⋄ St Michael the Archangel RC parish ⋄ Pobiedziskatoday: Pobiedziska gm., Poznań pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.01]
RC deanery

1918 – 1920

vicar — Kościelecalso: Kościelec Kujawski
today: Pakość gm., Inowrocław pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland

more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.11.01]
⋄ St Margaret the Virgin and Martyr RC parish ⋄ Inowrocławtoday: Inowrocław gm., Inowrocław pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18]
RC deanery

till 1918

student — Gnieznotoday: Gniezno urban gm., Gniezno pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ philosophy and theology, Archbishop's Practical Theological Seminary (Lat. Seminarium Clericorum Practicum)

from 1914

student — Poznańtoday: Poznań city pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.18]
⋄ philosophy and theology, Archbishop's Theological Seminary (Collegium Leoninum)

biography (own resources)

Click to read biography details from our resourcesClick to read biography details from our resources

others related
in death

BRZUSKIClick to display biography Henry, DEMBCZYKClick to display biography Sylvain, KACZOROWSKIClick to display biography Henry, STRASZEWSKIClick to display biography Joseph, URBAŃSKIClick to display biography Andrew

murder sites
camp 
(+ prisoner no)

KL Dachau (prisoner no: 24544Click to display biography): KL Dachau in German Bavaria, set up in 1933, became the main concentration camp for Catholic priests and religious during World War II: On c. 09.11.1940, Reichsführer–SS Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, Gestapo and German police, as a result of the Vatican's intervention, decided to transfer all clergymen detained in various concentration camps to KL Dachau camp. The first major transports took place on 08.12.1940. In KL Dachau Germans held approx. 3,000 priests, including 1,800 Poles. The priests were forced to slave labor in the Germ. „Die Plantage” — the largest herb garden in Europe, managed by the genocidal SS, consisting of many greenhouses, laboratory buildings and arable land, where experiments with new natural medicines were conducted — for many hours, without breaks, without protective clothing, no food. They slaved in construction, e.g. of camp's crematorium. In the barracks ruled hunger, freezing cold in the winter and suffocating heat during the summer. Prisoners suffered from bouts of illnesses, including tuberculosis. Many were victims of murderous „medical experiments” — in 11.1942 c. 20 were given phlegmon injections; in 07.1942 to 05.1944 c. 120 were used by for malaria experiments. More than 750 Polish clerics where murdered by the Germans, some brought to Schloss Hartheim euthanasia centre and murdered in gas chambers. At its peak KL Dachau concentration camps’ system had nearly 100 slave labour sub–camps located throughout southern Germany and Austria. There were c. 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands perished without a trace. C. 10,000 of the 30,000 inmates were found sick at the time of liberation, on 29.04.1945, by the USA troops… (more on: www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.deClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.08.10]
, en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.05.30]
)

Berlin (Moabit): Prison in Berlin at Lehrter Straße, called Germ. Zellengefängnis (Eng. Cell prison), constructed in 1842‑1849 by the order of Frederic William IV, King of Prussia. During World War II German army Wehrmacht remand prison, and next German political police Gestapo prison. Place of execution including by beheading. Place of death of many Poles. Shut down in 1957‑1958. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.11.17]
)

Inowrocław: German prison and detention center. In 1939, the Germans held there hundreds of Poles from Inowrocław and the surrounding area, arrested as part of the «Intelligenzaktion» program — the physical extermination of the Polish intelligentsia and leadership classes. By 11.1939, 546 of them were murdered in the prison and the surrounding area, including 56 people on the night of 22‑23.10.1939. Later, it was also a place of execution for many Poles. After the Russian occupation began in 1945, the communist prison, also for women. (more on: www.inowroclawfakty.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.05.19]
)

Ląd: In 1940‑1941, in a formerly cistercian priory and monastery (today Salesian Institute) in Ląd on Warta river Germans set‑up a transit camp for Polish priests and religious, from Włocławek, Gniezno, Warszawa, Poznań, Płock and Częstochowa dioceses and religious and monks from a number of congregations. Approx. 152 religious (70 till 03.04.1941 and 82 in 06‑28.10.1941) were held there prior to being sent to KL Dachau concentration camp. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.08.10]
, yadda.icm.edu.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.03.14]
)

Włocławek: Police detention centre at Karnkowski Str. in downtown Włocławek run by Germans. In 1939‑40 Germans held there hundreds of Poles, including dozens of Polish priests, that were subsequently transported to German concentration camps. (more on: www.sztetl.org.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2017.01.21]
)

«Intelligenzaktion»: (Eng. „Action Intelligentsia”) — extermination program of Polish elites, mainly intelligentsia, executed by the Germans right from the start of the occupation in 09.1939 till around 05.1940, mainly on the lands directly incorporated into Germany but also in the so‑called General Governorate where it was called «AB‑aktion». During the first phase right after start of German occupation of Poland implemented as Germ. Unternehmen „Tannenberg” (Eng. „Tannenberg operation”) — plan based on proscription lists of Poles worked out by (Germ. Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen), regarded by Germans as specially dangerous to the German Reich. List contained names of c. 61,000 Poles. Altogether during this genocide Germans methodically murdered c. 50,000 teachers, priests, landowners, social and political activists and retired military. Further 50,000 were sent to concentration camps where most of them perished. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.04]
)

Ribbentrop-Molotov: Genocidal Russian–German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so–called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro–Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti–Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislaus Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German–Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian–German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30]
)

Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic–pre–Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28]
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[access: 2023.05.28]
)

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bibliographical:
Victims of German crime among Włocławek diocese clergy”, Fr Stanislav Librowski, „Włocławek Diocese Chronicle”, 07‑08.1947
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