function

nun

creed

Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

congregation

Congregation of the Benedictine Nuns of the Blessed Sacrament OSBapmore on
www.sites.google.com
[access: 2014.09.21]
(i.e. Benedictine Nuns of Perpetual Adoration)

diocese / province

Military Ordinariate of Polandmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.12.20]

academic distinctions

Doctor of Philosophy

date and place
of death

31.08.1944

Warsawtoday: Warsaw city pov., Masovia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09]

details of death

cause of death

shelling (bombardment)

perpetrators

Germans

sites and events

Warsaw (St Casimir church)Click to display the description, Warsaw UprisingClick to display the description, Secret educational systemClick to display the description, GeneralgouvernementClick to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description

date and place
of birth

14.05.1887

Warsawtoday: Warsaw city pov., Masovia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09]

religious vows

07.03.1931 (temporary)

positions held

others related
in death

BAREJKAClick to display biography Catherine (Sr Mary Gertrude of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), BORKEMClick to display biography Louise (Sr Mary Antonina of the Holy Ghost), KARCZClick to display biography Hedwig (Sr Mary Joachima of the Blessed Sacrament), KARCZEWSKAClick to display biography Sophia (Sr Mary Rose of the Blessed Sacrament), KILIAŃSKAClick to display biography Catherine (Sr Mary Benita of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), KOWALSKAClick to display biography Victoria (Sr Mary Anne of the St Joseph's Protection), KRAKÓWClick to display biography Irene (Sr Hillary), KUŹMIŃSKAClick to display biography Margaret (Sr Mary Catherine of the All Saints), MARCZAKClick to display biography Helen (Sr Mary Bernarda of the Holiest Family), MATUSZCZAKClick to display biography Mary (Sr Mary Anselma of Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary), MIĘTKOWSKAClick to display biography Mary (Sr Mary Cecilia of the Blessed Sacrament), NARUKClick to display biography Mary (Sr Mary Elisabeth of the Mother of God), OLĘDZKAClick to display biography Janet (Sr Mary Josefa of Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary), PIOTROWSKAClick to display biography Antonina (Sr Mary Casimira of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), POGONOWSKAClick to display biography Irene (Sr Mary Vladislava of the Holiest Wounds of the Lord Jesus), POLAKOWSKAClick to display biography Mary (Sr Mary Flavia of the Cross), PRZEMYSKAClick to display biography Angela (Sr Mary Stanislava of Divine Mercy), PRZYKOPEKClick to display biography (Sr Janet), PUCHAŁAClick to display biography Genevieve (Sr Mary Hedwig of the Blessed Sacrament), REJEWSKAClick to display biography Stephanie Wanda (Sr Mary Ignatia of the Lamb of God), RUDNICKAClick to display biography Caroline (Sr Mary Clementine of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), SCHMITZ de GROLLENBOURGClick to display biography Mary Josefa (Sr Mary Magdalene of the St Joseph's Protection), SIWEKClick to display biography Francesca (Sr Barbara), SŁOWACKAClick to display biography Sophia (Sr Mary Andrea of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary), SUMIŃSKAClick to display biography Bogumila (Sr Mary Colomba of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), SZKIŁONDŹClick to display biography Casimira (Sr Mary Modeste of the Cross), TOKARSKAClick to display biography Janet (Sr Mary Agnes of Jesus), TOMASZEWSKAClick to display biography Aurelia (Sr Mary Therese of Jesus), TRYCClick to display biography Josefa (Sr Mary Aloysia of St Benedict), TURAKClick to display biography Rosalie (Sr Mary Ceslava of the St Joseph's Protection), ŻELAZEKClick to display biography Josefa (Sr Mary Margaret of the Holiest Heart of Jesus), ZALEWSKAClick to display biography Laurence Laurentia (Sr Mary Augustina of the Blessed Sacrament), ZAŁUSKAClick to display biography Sophia Apolonia (Sr Mary Innocente of the Cross), ZDROJEWSKAClick to display biography Marianne (Sr Mary Claire of the Blessed Sacrament)

sites and events
descriptions

Warsaw (St Casimir church): On 31.08.1944 during Warsaw Uprising Germans run a bombing raid on St Casimir church at 2 Rynek Nowego Miasta (Old Town region), one of the most precious Baroque buildings in Poland, still under insurgents control. The bombs pierced through the basement ceiling that caved in. In the church Benedictine Nuns of Perpetual Adoration run a field hospital run to Medical Service of Warsaw District of Home Army AK (part of Polish Clandestine State) codename „Bakcyl” — in the AK „North” Group. Under rubble c. 1,000 civilians (mainly wounded patients), 4 Catholic priests and 34 nuns perished (one other nun died a few days later from exhaustion), as well as a few dozen Jews who survived Warsaw ghetto and went into hiding. The monastery and church complex were laid in ruins (destruction was estimated at 80‐90%). (more on: www.benedyktynki-sakramentki.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.04])

Warsaw Uprising: Lasted from 01.08.1944 till 03.10.1944. Was an attempt to liberate Polish capital from occupying Germans by the Polish Clandestine State — a unique in the history of the world political structure on the territories occupied by the Germans, effectively governing clandestinely in Poland — and by fighting on its behalf underground military units, mainly of Home Army (former Armed Struggle Association ZWZ) and National Armed Forced (NSZ). At the same time Russians stopped on purpose the offensive on all front, halted on the other bank of Vistula river and watched calmly the annihilation of the city, refusing even the mid‐landing rights to the Allied planes carrying weapons and supplies to the insurgents from Italy. During the Uprising Germans murdered approx. 200,000 Poles, mainly civilians. Approx. 200 priests and nuns died in fighting or were murdered by the Germans, many in mass executions. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.08.17])

Secret educational system: After the occupation began, the Germans started a ruthless fight against the Polish intelligentsia. The memorial issued on the basis of the guidelines of the German socialist leader, Adolf Hitler, was in force. It stated that in the occupied Polish territories: „Universities and other higher education institutions, vocational schools and secondary schools have always been centers of Polish chauvinistic upbringing and therefore should be closed altogether. Only elementary schools should be allowed, which should teach only the most primitive things: arithmetic, reading and writing. Education in nationally important subjects, such as geography, history, the history of literature, and gymnastics, must be banned”. Even religious education higher than elementary has become illegal. And in areas directly incorporated to Germany, e.g. Germ. Reichsgau Wartheland, the Germans went further — shut down all schools teaching in Polish, Hebrew and Yiddish. The resistance Polish Clandestine State created a secret education system. In 1944, over 100,000 young people studied in secret high schools, and several thousand in secret universities (e.g. the University of Warsaw, the University of Western Territories, the Jagiellonian University, the John Casimir University in Lviv. Secret teaching was ruthlessly combated by the German occupation authorities ‐ in 1939‐ 1945 8,500 Polish teachers lost their lives. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2022.11.29])

Generalgouvernement: After the Polish defeat in the 09.1939 campaign, which was the result of the Ribbentrop‐Molotov Pact and constituted the first stage of World War II, and the beginning of German occupation in part of Poland (in the other, eastern part of Poland, the Russian occupation began), the Germans divided the occupied Polish territory into five main regions. In two of them new German provinces were created, two other were incorporated into other provinces. However, the fifth part was treated separately, and in a political sense it was supposed to recreate the German idea from 1915 (during World War I, after the defeat of the Russians in the Battle of Gorlice in 05.1915) of creating a Polish enclave within Germany. Illegal in the sense of international law, i.e. Hague Convention, and public law, managed by the Germans according to separate laws — especially established for the Polish Germ. Untermenschen (Eng. subhumans) — till the Russian offensive in 1945 it constituted the Germ. Großdeutschland (Eng. Greater Germany). Till 31.07.1940 formally called Germ. Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete (Eng. General Government for the occupied Polish lands) — later simply Germ. Generalgouvernement (Eng. General Governorate), as in the years 1915‐1918. From 07.1941, i.e. after the German attack on 22.06.1941 against the erstwhile ally, the Russians, it also included the Galicia district, i.e. the Polish pre‐war south‐eastern voivodeships. A special criminal law was enacted and applied to Poles and Jews, allowing for the arbitrary administration of the death penalty regardless of the age of the „perpetrator”, and sanctioning the use of collective responsibility. After the end of the military conflict of the World War UU, the government of the Germ. Generalgouvernement was recognized as a criminal organization, and its leader, governor Hans Frank, guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.12.04])

Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30])

Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])

sources

personal:
www.1944.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2021.12.19], grafik.rp.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.05.19], ojs.academicon.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.05.05], www.benedyktynki-sakramentki.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.05.05]
bibliographical:
„A martyrology of Polish clergy under German occupation, 1939‐1945”, Fr Szołdrski Vladislaus CSSR, Rome 1965
original images:
www.1944.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.04.16], www.1944.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.04.16], www.benedyktynki-sakramentki.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.05.05], www.benedyktynki-sakramentki.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.05.05]