Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland
XX century (1914 – 1989)
personal data
surname
DRUŻBACKI
forename(s)
Nicholas (pl. Mikołaj)
function
diocesan priest
creed
Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]
diocese / province
Przemyśl diocesemore on
www.przemyska.pl
[access: 2013.02.15]
RC Military Ordinariate of Polandmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.12.20]
academic distinctions
Doctor of Canon Law
honorary titles
Expositorii Canonicalis canonmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14]
Rochettum et Mantolettum canonmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14]
Gold „Cross of Merit”more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2019.04.16]
„Eaglets” commemorative badgemore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.12.15]
Przemyśl Star
Badge of the 2nd Brigade of the Polish Legionsmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.03.15]
date and place
of death
11.09.1939
Lutsktoday: Lutsk city rai., Volyn obl., Ukraine
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.17]
details of death
At the beginning of World War I, as a student of the Theological Seminary in Przemyśl, joined in 08.1914 the Eastern Legion formed on c. 29.08.1914 in Lviv. The Legion, shaken by internal conflict, withdrew on 18.09.1914 to Mszana Dolna — from 14.09.1914 it was commanded by Captain Joseph Haller — and there on 21.09.1914 was disbanded. Together with a handful of soldiers who decided to fight, following with the recommendation of Joseph Piłsudski, alongside Austria–Hungary against Russia (the rest opted for Russia), taking an oath to the Austro–Hungarian Monarch, joined the 1st Battalion of the 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Legions formed in Mszana, under the command of the aforementioned Captain Haller, becoming medic. As early as 27.09.1914, the Regiment began to be transported to the Carpathian Front, to Königsfeld (today Ust–Czorna) in Transcarpathia in the Gorgan range of the eastern Carpathians, and to the neighbouring village of Brustury. On c. 12.10.1914, the Regiment crossed the Carpathians through the Pantyrska Pass and captured the village of Rafaylova (in Galicia, which was occupied by the Russians at the beginning of the war), and on 24.10.1914 it captured Nadvirna (on the road to Stanislaviv). On 29.10.1914 the Regiment lost a skirmish at Molotkiv near Nadvirna, and until 02.1915 manned the defence of the crossings and passes through the Carpathians, fighting, among other things, on 23‐24.01.1915 in the second battle of Rafaylova. On 01.02.1915 the Austro–Hungarian offensive towards Stanislaviv begins (the city is recaptured from the Russians on 20.02.1915) — during it is wounded in the left hand and taken to Dombo (today Dubowe), a Transcarpathian village, where there was a field hospital. Falls ill with typhus there. When in 04.1915 returns to his Regiment and Battalion, then resting in Kolomyia, the Regiment — from 15.04.1915 part of the 2nd Legions Brigade — takes over the defense of the Dobronivtsi – Toporivtsi battle line north–east of Chernivtsi in Bukovina. On 12‐13.05.1915 it is withdrawn to the line of the Prut River, to the Streletsy Kut – Bila sector on the western side of Chernivtsi. On c. 08.06.1915, after the Russian defeat in the Battle of Gorlice on c. 03.05.1915, the Austro–Hungarian offensive eastwards, towards Bessarabia, begins. The Regiment takes part in it along the line Luzhany – Zadubrivka – Ridkivtsi – Rokytne – Dynovtsi (north of Chernivtsi). At Rokytne on 13.06.1915 it makes a glorious charge against the positions of Russian troops. On 20.06.1915, receives promotion to sergeant, and next the front stops and positional fighting begins. At Ridkivtsi, falls ill with dysentery. Transferred to a field hospital in Chernivtsi, recovers from the disease, but becomes infected with cholera. Transported deeper behind the front, to Miskolc in Hungary. On 05.1916 got through to the Imperial–Royal Command of the Polish Legions Group, i.e. the rear units of the Polish Legions, in Kozienice and was sent to the Polish Legions' Convalescent Home in Kamieńsk near Radomsko, where completed his convalescence. Promoted to sergeant on 25.11.1916, right before the Polish Legions formally ceased to exist. It happened as a result of string of events, the common denominator of which was the efforts to establish a Polish army independent of the Central Powers. As early as 09.07.1916, Brigadier Joseph Piłsudski resigned from commanding the Legions (resignation accepted on 26.09.1916), expressing his opposition to the non‐recognition of the Legions as the Polish army. On 20.09.1916, the Polish Legions were transformed by the Austro–Hungarian command into the Polish Auxiliary Corps PKP, with the hope of attracting new Polish recruits in the army of the Monarchy. On 05.11.1916, the Central Powers issued a proclamation containing a promise to establish a Germ. Königreich Polen (Eng. Kingdom of Poland), which would remain in unspecified „union with both Allied Powers”, that is, another attempt to draw Poles into the army of the Central Powers. Returned then, in 12.1916, to the 3rd Infantry Regiment within the 2nd Brigade under the command of then Colonel Joseph Haller, as part of PKP. On 31.12.1916, sent with the Regiment to Zegrze Południowe. There, soldiers underwent military training, remaining in a state of constant conflict with the Germans, however. In 05.1917, the Regiment was moved to the Bloch barracks in Solec in Warsaw. Was there when the so‐called Oath Crisis broke out, which had its direct source in the decision of the Austro–Hungarian leadership of 10.04.1917, in accordance with the provisions of the act of 05.11.1916, to incorporate the PKP into the Germ. Polnische Wehrmacht (Eng. Polish Armed Forces), created in the aforementioned Germ. Königreich Polen, under the command of Hans Hartwig von Beseler, the Governor–General of the Germ. Kaiserlich–deutsche Generalgouvernement Warschau (Eng. Imperial–German General Government of Warsaw), i.e. the part of the Königreich occupied by the Germans. This resulted in Polish soldiers from the former Russian partition Poland (known as Królewiacy), mainly the 1st and 3rd PKP Brigades, on 09.07.1917 refused — at the call of Joseph Piłsudski, from 15.01.1917 in charge of the War Department of the Provisional Council of State of the Germ. Königreich Polen — to take the required oath of allegiance to the Central Powers. On 21.07.1917 Joseph Piłsudski was arrested, and a month later the Provisional Council of State ceased to function. The 2nd Brigade and its Regiment in general took however the oath and remained within the PKP. In 10.1917 was given a leave of absence and returned to his studies at the Seminary in Przemyśl.
At the end of World War I, on 03.11.1918, Przemyśl was attacked by Ukrainian gangs. With the consent of his bishop, took part in the defense of the city. On 12.11.1918, the day after the armistice and ceasefire between the Allies and Germany was signed in a staff wagon in Compiègne, in the headquarters of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch – which de facto meant the end of World War I; and also after the transfer on 11.11.1918, by the Regency Council established by the Germans — operating in the Germ. Königreich Polen occupied by Germany and Austria–Hungary — of supreme authority over the army to Brigadier Joseph Piłsudski and his appointment as Commander‐in‐Chief of the Polish forces, which de facto meant the rebirth of the Polish state, encompassed however only the area of Germ. Königreich Polen, i.e. the Polish territory under Russian rule until 1915, and excluding the lands of the Prussian partition, which were still under German control; the Ukrainians were expelled from Przemyśl. Joined then the emerging Polish Army, the 1st Kraków Field Artillery Regiment, which took part in the last days of fighting in Przemyśl (on 21.05.1919 transformed into the 1st Field Artillery Regiment of the Polish Legions). As a gunner in the 4th Battery of the 2nd Division,took part in the Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918‐1919, participating in the defense of Lviv, which was besieged between 22.11.1918 and 22.05.1919, and in battles in Eastern Lesser Poland, including Lubień Wielki, and in 05.1919, during the Polish offensive, in the battles for the capture of Drohobych, Stanislaviv, ending its march with the capture of Galych and a stopover in the area of Brody.
In 07.1919 returned to the Seminary… In 1920, during the Russian offensive during the Polish–Russian War of 1919‐1921, Przemyśl remained in Polish hands… After German invasion of Poland on 01.09.1939 (Russians invaded Poland 17 days later) and start of the World War II, helped the wounded during German aerial raids on besieged Warsaw.
On 07.09.1939 left Warsaw together with his bishop Gawlina who accompanied, in accordance with the Field Ministry Regulations, the Army Commander of the Polish Armed Forces.
During an aerial bombing raid in Lutsk mortally wounded by shrapnel bombs.
German bomb fell onto the Lutsk bishop gardens, took his arm out and cut his head off.
cause of death
shelling (bombardment)
perpetrators
Germans
sites and events
Air raids 1939Click to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description, Pius XI's encyclicalsClick to display the description, Polish‐Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919Click to display the description
date and place
of birth
11.07.1895
Wieliczkatoday: Wieliczka gm., Wieliczka pov., Lesser Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.07]
presbyter (holy orders)
ordination
22.05.1921 (Przemyśl cathedralmore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14])
positions held
till 1939
chaplain — to Joseph Gawlina, the Field Bishop — also: secretary
till 1939
secretary — Warsawtoday: Warsaw city pov., Masovia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09] ⋄ Bishop's Curia of the Polish Military, Polish Armed Forces — also: promoter of justice in the Military Bishop's Court
19.03.1939
RC senior military chaplain — Polish Armed Forces — promotion: commissioned, in the rank of mayor
1937 – 1938
notary — Warsawtoday: Warsaw city pov., Masovia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.10.09] ⋄ Bishop's Curia of the Polish Military, Polish Armed Forces
1936 – 1937
RC military chaplain — Dęblintoday: Dęblin urban gm., Ryki pov., Lublin voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18] ⋄ Command of the Corps District DOK No. I Warsaw, Polish Armed Forces ⋄ St Michael the Archangel RC garrison church ⋄ St Pius V RC parish ⋄ Stężycatoday: Stężyca gm., Ryki pov., Lublin voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02] RC deanery — also: chaplain of the Air Force Officer Training Center No. 1 and the Dęblin Garrison
01.05.1936
RC military chaplain — Polish Armed Forces — appointment: commissioned, in the rank of captain
c. 1930 – c. 1936
administrator — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Blessed Virgin Mary of Perpetual Help RC parish ⋄ Przemyśl citydeanery name
today: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland RC deanery — also: from 1933 chaplain of the Penitentiary — a criminal–investigative prison; 1933‐1934 auxiliary chaplain of the 10th District Hospital of the Polish Army, serving the Corps District OK No. X Przemyśl
c. 1930 – c. 1936
vicar — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St John the Baptist RC cathedral church — senior of the college of vicars
1930 – c. 1936
pro–synodal judge — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Bishop's Diocesan Court
1929 – 1930
prefect — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Theological Seminary — also: prefect at the State 3‐Class Commercial School for Men and Women (f. State School of Commerce / National Merchant School)
1928 – c. 1930
notary — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Bishop's Diocesan Court
1928 – 1929
treasury officer / procurator — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Theological Institute
1927 – 1928
vicar — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St John the Baptist RC cathedral church — also: prefect at the State School of Commerce
1926 – 1927
apprentice — Rometoday: Rome prov., Lazio reg., Italy
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18] ⋄ legal service, Lat. „Sacra Congregazione del concilio” (Eng. „Congregation for the Causes of the Council”) and Lat. „Tribunal Rotae Romanae”, Roman Curia
1924 – 1926
PhD student — Rometoday: Rome prov., Lazio reg., Italy
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18] ⋄ „Angelicum” [i.e. Lat. Pontificia Universitas Studiorum a Sancto Thoma Aquinate in Urbe (Eng. Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas) (today) / Lat. Pontificium Institutum Internationale (Eng. Pontifical International Institute) (1926‐1963) / Lat. Pontificium Collegium (Eng. Pontifical College) (1906‐1926) / Lat. Collegium (Eng. College) (until 1906)] — studies crowned on 02.07.1926 with successful defense of PhD thesis and award of the PhD in Canon Law diploma
1924
notary — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Office, Diocesan Curia — also: notary of the Bishop's Diocesan Court; prefect at „Former National Merchant School”
1923
secretary — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Office, Diocesan Curia — formally: notary II
1921 – 1922
vicar — Gorlicetoday: Gorlice gm., Gorlice pov., Lesser Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary RC parish ⋄ Biecztoday: Biecz gm., Gorlice pov., Lesser Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] RC deanery — also: prefect of primary schools in the nearby villages of Stróżówka and Glinik Mariampolski
1918 – 1919
soldier — 1st Kraków Field Artillery Regiment, Polish Armed Forces — participant, in the rank of gunner, in the Polish–Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919: 03‐12.11.1918 defense of Przemyśl; 22.11.1918‐22.05.1919 defense of Lviv; 05.1919 Polish offensive — along the route Drohobych, Stanislaviv, Galich, Brody
1914 – 1917
soldier — Eastern Legion and Polish Legion's 2nd Brigade, Austro–Hungarian Imperial Army — 10.1914‐02.1915 participant in the Carpathian Campaign — defense of the crossings and passes through the Carpathians to Russian–occupied Eastern Galicia; in 02.1915 15 wounded in the hand — in a field hospital in Dombo in Transcarpathia falls ill with typhus; 04‐06.1915 participant of Bukovina and Bessarabia Campaign, north of Chernivtsi, including on 13.06.1915 near Rokytne and Ridkivtsi; in 06.1915 suffers from dysentery — in a field hospital in Chernivtsi becomes infected with cholera and is treated for a year, first in Miskolc and then in the Polish Legions' Convalescent Home in Kamieńsk; 31.12.1916‐05.1917 stationed in the barracks in Zegrze; 10.1917 — after the „oath crisis” — on leave, returns to the Seminary in Przemyśl; on 20.06.1915, promoted to sergeant, and on 25.11.1916, to sergeant
1913 – 1921
student — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ philosophy and theology, Theological Seminary — with breaks for military service during World War I: in the Polish Legions 1914‐1917 and in the Polish Army 1918‐1919
from 1924
membership — Przemyśltoday: Przemyśl city pov., Subcarpathia voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.04.01] ⋄ Friends of Sciences Society
others related
in death
POGŁÓDEKClick to display biography Constantine, WOJTYNIAKClick to display biography Ceslav
sites and events
descriptions
Air raids 1939: During invasion of Poland commenced on 01.09.1939 Germans systematically attacked civilian targets. Many cities (Wieluń, Frampol, Warszawa, Lwów, Łomża, Puck, etc.) were bombed during air raids and totally destroyed. The hospitals and churches, visibly marked as such, were not spared. German planes also attacked columns of fleeing people on the roads, massacring them. It is estimated that c. 150,000‐200,000 civilians were killed or murdered by the Germans in 09.1939. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.04.18])
Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30])
Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic‐pre‐Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28], www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28])
Polish‐Ukrainian war of 1918‐1919: One of the wars for borders of the newly reborn Poland. At the end of 1918 on the former Austro‐Hungarian empire’s territory, based on the Ukrainian military units of the former Austro‐Hungarian army, Ukrainians waged war against Poland. In particular attempted to create foundation of an independent state and attacked Lviv. Thanks to heroic stance of Lviv inhabitants, in particular young generation of Poles — called since then Lviv eaglets — the city was recaptured by Poles and for a number of months successfully defended against furious Ukrainian attacks. In 1919 Poland — its newly created army — pushed Ukrainian forces far to the east and south, regaining control over its territory. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2017.05.20])
sources
personal:
www.duszki.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], www.ordynariat.wp.mil.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23], archiwum-ordynariat.wp.mil.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.03.15], ordynariat.wp.mil.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.03.14]
bibliographical:
„Register of Latin rite Lviv metropolis clergy’s losses in 1939‐45”, Józef Krętosz, Maria Pawłowiczowa, editors, Opole, 2005
„Biographical lexicon of Lviv Roman Catholic Metropoly clergy victims of the II World War 1939‐1945”, Mary Pawłowiczowa (ed.), Fr Joseph Krętosz (ed.), Holy Cross Publishing, Opole, 2007
„Schematismus Venerabilis Cleri Dioecesis PremisliensisClick to display source page”, Przemyśl diocesa Curia, from 1866 to 1938
original images:
ordynariat.wp.mil.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.03.14], www.miejscapamiecinarodowej.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.08.14], www.katedrapolowa.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.01.16]
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MARTYROLOGY: DRUŻBACKI Nicholas
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