function

presbiter (i.e. iereus)

creed

Eastern Orthodox Church ORmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Volyn‐Zhytomyr OR eparchymore on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2023.07.16]

date and place
of death

1939

ITL DalLagGuLAG slave labour camp network
today: Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
more on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.03.23]
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.03.23]

details of death

cause of death

extermination

perpetrators

Russians

sites and events

ITL DalLagClick to display the description, GulagClick to display the description

date and place
of birth

1889

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

01.1915

positions held

others related
in death

ZUMMERClick to display biography Sergius, ZUMMERClick to display biography Vaclav (Bp Basil)

sites and events
descriptions

ITL DalLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Дальне‐Восточный (Eng. Far Eastern) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Khabarovsk, capital in the Khabarovsk Krai. Founded in 1929 and subordinated to the genocidal Russian organizations of the GPU and NKVD. Prisoners slaved at the forest clearing and wood processing, mining of minerals — coal and gold, construction of industrial plants (e.g. cement production), construction of roads and railways (Birobidzhan‐Blucherovo/Leniskoye and Volochaevka‐Komsomolsk lines), regulating the course of rivers (e.g. Amur River), retention facilities on the Sedanka River near Vladivostok, work in workshops in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, farming, fishing, etc. At its peak c. 112,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 47,767 (01.01.1934); 59,515 (01.01.1935); 71,763 (01.01.1936); 112,490 (01.01.1937); 100,875 (01.01.1938); 64,600 (01.10.1938); 64,249 (01.01.1939). Ceased to exist on 13.04.1939. (more on: old.memo.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Gulag: The acronym Gulag comes from the Rus. Главное управление исправительно‐трудовых лагерей и колоний (Eng. Main Board of Correctional Labor Camps). The network of Russian concentration camps for slave labor was formally established by the decision of the highest Russian authorities on 27.06.1929. Control was taken over by the OGPU, the predecessor of the genocidal NKVD (from 1934) and the MGB (from 1946). Individual gulags (camps) were often established in remote, sparsely populated areas, where industrial or transport facilities important for the Russian state were built. They were modeled on the first „great construction of communism”, the White Sea‐Baltic Canal (1931‐1932), and Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish origin, is considered the creator of the system of using forced slave labor within the Gulag. He went down in history as the author of the principle „We have to squeeze everything out of the prisoner in the first three months — then nothing is there for us”. He was to be the creator, according to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, of the so‐called „Boiler system”, i.e. the dependence of food rations on working out a certain percentage of the norm. The term ZEK — prisoner — i.e. Rus. заключенный‐каналоармец (Eng. canal soldier) — was coined in the ITL BelBaltLag managed by him, and was adopted to mean a prisoner in Russian slave labor camps. Up to 12 mln prisoners were held in Gulag camps at one time, i.e. c. 5% of Russia's population. In his book „The Gulag Archipelago”, Solzhenitsyn estimated that c. 60 mln people were killed in the Gulag until 1956. Formally dissolved on 20.01.1960. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

sources

personal:
martyrs.pstbi.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.03.23], ru.openlist.wikiClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.03.23]
original images:
martyrs.pstbi.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.03.23]