function

presbiter (i.e. iereus)

creed

Eastern Orthodox Church ORmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Vilnius‐Lithuanian OR eparchymore on
ru.wikipedia.org
[access: 2020.09.24]

date and place
of death

(Russia territory)today: Russia
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2022.08.05]

alt. dates and places
of death

1950 (after)

details of death

cause of death

extermination: deportation

perpetrators

Russians

sites and events

ITL StepLagClick to display the description, OsobLagsClick to display the description, ITL KrasLagClick to display the description, GulagClick to display the description, Deportations to SiberiaClick to display the description, Ribbentrop‐MolotovClick to display the description, Polish‐Russian war of 1919‐1921Click to display the description

date and place
of birth

1887

alt. dates and places
of birth

Alexandrovska Slobodatoday: Užusaliai, Užusaliai eld., Jonava dist., Kaunas Cou., Lithuania
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2024.01.26]

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

14.11.1921

positions held

sites and events
descriptions

ITL StepLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Степной (Eng. Steppen) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Karaganda, then in the village of Rudnya, and finally in the town Zhezkazgan, today in Kazakhstan. Established on 28.02.1948, in place of the Russian POW camp Zhezkazgan No. 39 (which was in turn established on the site of the ITL ZhezkazganLag concentration camp), and until 1954 also functioning as the Rus. Особый лагерь (Eng. Special camp) GULAG No. 4. Prisoners slaved in mining copper and manganese ores, coal mines (Baikonur complex, Balkhash), copper smelters, construction of industrial facilities for ore processing, wood processing plants, brick burning plants, construction of a dam in Kengir and construction of a hydroelectric power plant, construction of residential buildings, workshops and renovation and repair plants , etc. At its peak — till the death on 05.03.1953 of Russian socialist leader, Joseph Stalin — c. 28,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 18,572 (01.01.1949); 27,855 (01.01.1950); 18,572 (01.01.1951); 23,089 (01.01.1952); 20,869 (01.01.1953); 21,090 (01.01.1954); 10,481 (01.01.1955). The majority were people recognized by Russians as having Ukrainian nationality (c. 46%) — prob. a significant part of them had previously, in 1939, been citizens of the Polish state. In 05‐06.1954, an uprising took place in the camp, bloodily crushed by the Russians with the help of tanks. Formally ceased operations on 24.04.1956. (more on: old.memo.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08], www.gulagmuseum.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.05.09])

OsobLags: Pursuant to Decree No. 416‐159сс dated 21.02.1948 of the Russian government, the Russian criminal organization MVD (successor to the NKVD) issued a Decree No. 00219 of 28.02.1948 establishing a separate network of camps within the Gulag system for a „special group” of political prisoners sentenced under Art. 58 of the Penal Code (referring to „enemies of the people”, i.e. accused of treason, espionage, terrorism, etc.) Initially, the group of camps included the ITL MinLag, ITL GorLag, ITL DubravLag, ITL StepLag and ITL BerLag concentration camps. Later, the following ones were added: ITL RechLag, ITL OzerLag, ITL PeschanŁag, ITL LugLag, ITL Kamyshlag, ITL DalLag, ITL VodorazDelLag. After the death of the Russian socialist leader, Joseph Stalin, in 1953, the three largest revolts in the history of the Gulag took place there: the Norilsk Uprising, the Vorkuta Uprising and the Kengir Uprising. In c. 1954 the camps were converted into standard correctional camps. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26])

ITL KrasLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Красноярский (Eng. Krasnoyarskiy) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Kansk, and later at the Reshoty station in Nizhnyaya Poyma in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. Founded on 05.02.1938. Prisoners slaved at the forest clearing and wood processing (ski semi‐finished products, production of skis, furniture, railway sleepers), construction of a hydrolysis plant in Kańsk, completion of the construction of railway lines to the ITL AngarLag concentration camp, in agricultural works, in the construction of apartments and roads, production of bricks, etc. At its peak — till the death on 05.03.1953 of Russian socialist leader, Joseph Stalin — c. 31,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 22,686 (01.01.1942); 23,900 (01.01.1948); 30,007 (01.01.1950); 23,345 (01.01.1951); 26,481 (01.01.1952); 26,611 (01.04.1952); 30,546 (01.01.1953). By 1950 over 100,000 prisoners had passed through it. In the years 1938‐1939 and 1941‐1945, the annual mortality rate was c. 7‐8% of those imprisoned (some were shot). Among the prisoners were many Lithuanians (from 1941) and Volga Germans (from 01.1942). In the second half of the 1940s many political prisoners from Ukraine and Belarus were brought to the camps. Ceased to operate in 1960, though already in 1949‐1950 some of the prisoners were relocated to other concentration camps, to ITL StepLag in Kazachstan among others. (more on: old.memo.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Gulag: The acronym Gulag comes from the Rus. Главное управление исправительно‐трудовых лагерей и колоний (Eng. Main Board of Correctional Labor Camps). The network of Russian concentration camps for slave labor was formally established by the decision of the highest Russian authorities on 27.06.1929. Control was taken over by the OGPU, the predecessor of the genocidal NKVD (from 1934) and the MGB (from 1946). Individual gulags (camps) were often established in remote, sparsely populated areas, where industrial or transport facilities important for the Russian state were built. They were modeled on the first „great construction of communism”, the White Sea‐Baltic Canal (1931‐1932), and Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish origin, is considered the creator of the system of using forced slave labor within the Gulag. He went down in history as the author of the principle „We have to squeeze everything out of the prisoner in the first three months — then nothing is there for us”. He was to be the creator, according to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, of the so‐called „Boiler system”, i.e. the dependence of food rations on working out a certain percentage of the norm. The term ZEK — prisoner — i.e. Rus. заключенный‐каналоармец (Eng. canal soldier) — was coined in the ITL BelBaltLag managed by him, and was adopted to mean a prisoner in Russian slave labor camps. Up to 12 mln prisoners were held in Gulag camps at one time, i.e. c. 5% of Russia's population. In his book „The Gulag Archipelago”, Solzhenitsyn estimated that c. 60 mln people were killed in the Gulag until 1956. Formally dissolved on 20.01.1960. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Deportations to Siberia: In 1939‐1941 Russians deported — in four large groups in: 10.02.1940, 13‐14.04.1940, 05‐07.1940, 05‐06.1941 — up to 1 mln of Polish citizens from Russian occupied Poland to Siberia leaving them without any support at the place of exile. Thousands of them perished or never returned. The deportations east, deep into Russia, to Siberia resumed after 1944 when Russians took over Poland. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.09.21])

Ribbentrop‐Molotov: Genocidal Russian‐German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so‐called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti‐Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislav Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German‐Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian‐German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30])

Polish‐Russian war of 1919‐1921: War for independence of Poland and its borders. Poland regained independence in 1918 but had to fight for its borders with former imperial powers, in particular Russia. Russia planned to incite Bolshevik‐like revolutions in the Western Europe and thus invaded Poland. Russian invaders were defeated in 08.1920 in a battle called Warsaw battle („Vistula river miracle”, one of the 10 most important battles in history, according to some historians). Thanks to this victory Poland recaptured part of the lands lost during partitions of Poland in XVIII century, and Europe was saved from the genocidal Communism. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.12.20])

sources

personal:
zarubezhje.narod.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26], etalpykla.lituanistika.ltClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26], www.vrtu-vvkure.comClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26]
bibliographical:
„Hierachy, clergy and employees of the Orthodox Church in the 19th‐21st centuries within the borders of the Second Polish Republic and post–war Poland”, Fr Gregory Sosna, M. Antonine Troc-Sosna, Warsaw–Bielsk Podlaski 2017
original images:
zarubezhje.narod.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.01.26]