function

diocesan priest

creed

Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

details of death

cause of death

extermination

perpetrators

Russians

sites and events

ITL NorilLagClick to display the description, GulagClick to display the description

sites and events
descriptions

ITL NorilLag: Russian Rus. Исправи́тельно‐Трудово́й Ла́герь (Eng. Corrective Labor Camp) ITL Rus. Норильский (Eng. Norylskiy) — concentration and slave forced labor camp (within the Gulag complex) — headquartered in Norilsk in Krasnoyarsk Krai, one of the most northern towns of the Earth. Founded on 25.06.1935. Prisoners slaved at the in the construction and operation of copper‐nickel plants, construction of mines and mining of platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, coal, coke batteries, construction and operation of refineries, construction of the city of Norilsk, thermal power plants, waterworks, construction of river ports and shipyards, in geological exploration and research , construction of railway lines, in woodworking plants, mechanical and repair workshops, etc. At its peak — till the death on 05.03.1953 of Russian socialist leader, Joseph Stalin — c. 73,000 prisoners were held there: e.g. 47,732 (01.01.1948); 57,463 (01.01.1949); 58,651 (01.01.1950); 72,490 (01.01.1951); 68,849 (01.01.1952); 67,889 (01.01.1953); 36,734 (01.01.1954) — altogether up to 400,000, including 300,000 political. Ceased to exist on 22.08.1956. (more on: old.memo.ruClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

Gulag: The acronym Gulag comes from the Rus. Главное управление исправительно‐трудовых лагерей и колоний (Eng. Main Board of Correctional Labor Camps). The network of Russian concentration camps for slave labor was formally established by the decision of the highest Russian authorities on 27.06.1929. Control was taken over by the OGPU, the predecessor of the genocidal NKVD (from 1934) and the MGB (from 1946). Individual gulags (camps) were often established in remote, sparsely populated areas, where industrial or transport facilities important for the Russian state were built. They were modeled on the first „great construction of communism”, the White Sea‐Baltic Canal (1931‐1932), and Naftali Frenkel, of Jewish origin, is considered the creator of the system of using forced slave labor within the Gulag. He went down in history as the author of the principle „We have to squeeze everything out of the prisoner in the first three months — then nothing is there for us”. He was to be the creator, according to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, of the so‐called „Boiler system”, i.e. the dependence of food rations on working out a certain percentage of the norm. The term ZEK — prisoner — i.e. Rus. заключенный‐каналоармец (Eng. canal soldier) — was coined in the ITL BelBaltLag managed by him, and was adopted to mean a prisoner in Russian slave labor camps. Up to 12 mln prisoners were held in Gulag camps at one time, i.e. c. 5% of Russia's population. In his book „The Gulag Archipelago”, Solzhenitsyn estimated that c. 60 mln people were killed in the Gulag until 1956. Formally dissolved on 20.01.1960. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2024.04.08])

sources

personal:
biographies.library.nd.eduClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.05.09]